Table 2. Primary and Secondary Treatment Outcomes for All Patients With and Without Sudden Gains.
| Unadjusted mean (SD) | Adjusted difference at end of treatment and follow-upa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure/Time | n | SG | n | No SG | Mean [95% CI] | d [95% CI] | p |
| Note. SG = sudden gain; d = between-group standardized effect size; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; S1 = Sample 1 (n = 248); end = end of treatment; FU = follow-up; S2 = Sample 2 (n = 234); PSS-I = PTSD Symptom Scale Interview; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire–9; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. | |||||||
| a The difference is adjusted for baseline scores. | |||||||
| PTSD symptoms (self-report, PDS) | |||||||
| S1: baseline | 76 | 33.66 (8.66) | 172 | 34.10 (8.72) | |||
| S1: end | 76 | 10.13 (10.22) | 172 | 19.25 (14.47) | −8.81 [−10.40, −7.22] | 1.02 [0.73, 1.30] | <.001 |
| S1: FU | 67 | 11.27 (10.09) | 105 | 16.51 (12.94) | −6.54 [−8.22, −4.86] | 0.75 [0.44, 1.07] | <.001 |
| S2: baseline | 84 | 35.41 (8.22) | 142 | 34.04 (10.33) | |||
| S2: end | 87 | 9.46 (10.54) | 147 | 19.02 (14.00) | −11.04 [−12.60, −9.47] | 1.15 [0.86, 1.43] | <.001 |
| S2: FU | 59 | 10.23 (11.14) | 74 | 17.83 (14.29) | −10.18 [−12.01, −8.36] | 1.06 [0.69, 1.42] | <.001 |
| PTSD symptoms (interviewer, PSS-I) | |||||||
| S1: baseline | 32 | 31.35 (8.16) | 47 | 30.35 (9.01) | |||
| S1: end | 32 | 11.09 (11.34) | 47 | 16.78 (14.11) | −6.37 [−11.56, −1.76] | 0.70 [0.23, 1.16] | .016 |
| S2: baseline | 42 | 35.30 (7.11) | 38 | 33.34 (8.48) | |||
| S2: end | 42 | 8.52 (7.71) | 38 | 15.79 (13.36) | −8.18 [−12.61, −3.75] | 0.71 [0.25, 1.16] | <.001 |
| Depression symptoms (S1: BDI; S2: PHQ-9) | |||||||
| S1: baseline | 76 | 26.29 (12.17) | 172 | 28.06 (11.76) | |||
| S1: end | 76 | 10.85 (10.68) | 172 | 18.05 (14.14) | −6.12 [−7.61, −4.62] | 0.51 [0.24, 0.79] | <.001 |
| S1: FU | 66 | 11.11 (10.14) | 102 | 14.36 (12.10) | −3.34 [−4.93, −1.76] | 0.28 [−0.03, 0.59] | .035 |
| S2: baseline | 85 | 17.08 (6.40) | 142 | 16.39 (7.25) | |||
| S2: end | 87 | 4.53 (5.59) | 146 | 10.50 (7.94) | −6.22 [−7.12, −5.32] | 0.90 [0.62, 1.17] | <.001 |
| S2: FU | 59 | 5.94 (6.70) | 73 | 9.99 (8.45) | −4.54 [−5.61, −3.46] | 0.65 [0.30, 1.01] | <.001 |
| Anxiety symptoms (S1: BAI; S2: GAD-7) | |||||||
| S1: baseline | 74 | 25.87 (13.31) | 167 | 29.78 (13.79) | |||
| S1: end | 76 | 8.07 (9.85) | 172 | 17.11 (15.71) | −6.90 [−8.60, −5.20] | 0.50 [0.23, 0.78] | <.001 |
| S1: FU | 67 | 9.40 (10.94) | 102 | 13.29 (13.53) | −4.18 [−5.97, −2.40] | 0.31 [−0.01, 0.61] | .019 |
| S2: baseline | 85 | 14.46 (5.32) | 143 | 14.16 (5.52) | |||
| S2: end | 87 | 3.78 (4.23) | 145 | 8.50 (6.76) | −4.83 [−5.59, −4.08] | 0.89 [0.61, 1.17] | <.001 |
| S2: FU | 59 | 5.04 (5.11) | 74 | 8.27 (6.92) | −3.65 [−4.55, −2.75] | 0.67 [0.32, 1.02] | <.001 |