Fig 5.

Real-time temperature mapping using phase-based PRF thermometry during stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampectomy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Multiplanar spoiled gradient T1-weighted images obtained with intravenous gadolinium (A and B) demonstrate a stereotactically introduced, right-posterior-approach ablative probe, terminating within the right hippocampal formation. A parametric thermal map with inset scale and a temperature-time course graph (C and D, respectively) demonstrate that the estimated, relative temperature change from baseline following ablation exceeded 30°C. Contrast-enhanced T2-FLAIR axial image (E) through the treatment bed confirms the final zone of ablative injury.