Table 2.

In vivo pharmacological studies for Aloe vera.

Aloe Vera Composition	Experimental Model	Major Findings	References
Digestive Diseases Protection
Acemannan	Beagle Dogs	Mineralized Bridge Formation	[6]
Aloe polysaccharide	2,4,6-three nitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis induced Rats	↑ JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT-3 and p-STAT3 protein expression ↓ Ulcerative colitis	[5]
Aloe vera gel	Balb/c mouse model of alcohol-induced acute gastritis	↑ Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitory activity	[24]
Aloe vera	Male Wistar rats Irradiated model	↑ Salivary flow rate	[7]
Skin Protection
Aloe emodin	BALB/c mice burn wound-induced	↑ Wound healing activity (↑ re-epithelialization and angiogenesis)	[6]
Aloe sterols	Female HR-1 hairless mice Ultraviolet B-induced skin photoaging	↓ Skin dryness, epidermal thickness and wrinkle formation ↓ Dermal collagen fibers degeneration ↓ Cutaneous apoptosis cells ↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Matrix metalloproteinases	[43]
Aloe vera	Adult male Wistar rats with incision on neck	↑ Fibroblasts ↑ TGF-β gene expression	[38]
Aloe vera	Adult female Sprague Dawley rats with a skin wound infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	↓ Inflammatory cell infiltration ↑ Wound closure and skin tensile strength % ↑ Collagen deposition ↑ Skin tensile strength	[132]
Aloe vera aqueous gel extract	X-ray irradiated Male balb/c mice	↑ Hepatic and renal function parameters ↓ROS ↓ Lipid peroxidation ↑ GSH ↑ GR, GPx, CAT, SOD, GST ↑ Sperm count/motility and testosterone levels	[45]
Aloe vera cream	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	↓ Wound percentage ↓ Leucocytes infiltration ↓ Angiogenesis ↓ CD8+ lymphocytes expression ↑ Epidermal thickness ↑ CD4+ lymphocytes expression	[39]
Aloe vera extract gel	Wistar rats with a wound made by incision	↑ Organization of skin and collagen	[36]
Aloe vera gel	Male Wistar rats Alloxan-induced diabetes with wounds	↓ Necrotic tissue and inflammation ↓ Wound areas Better reepithelialization	[40]
Aloe vera gel	Male Wistar rats	↑ Wound contraction and epithelialization ↓ Scar tissue size ↑ Alignment and organization of regenerated scar tissue	[37]
Aloe vera gel aqueous extract	X-ray irradiated Male balb/c mice	↑ Hepatic and renal function parameters ↓ ROS, ↓ Lipid peroxidation ↓Lactate dehydrogenase	[45]
Aloe vera gel powder	Ovariectomy HR-1 hairless mice UV-irradiation model	↓ Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression ↑ Epidermal growth factor ↑ Hyaluronan synthase	[41]
Aloe vera gel powder	HR-1 hairless mice UVB-induced model	↑ Skin elasticity ↓ Matrix metalloproteinase 2, 9 and 13 ↑ Hyaluronic content ↑ HA synthase 2	[42]
Aloe vera hydroalcoholic extract	Wistar rats with traumatic ulcers	No acceleration of oral wound	[133]
Aloesin	SKH-1 hairless mice	↑ Angiogenesis ↑ Collagen deposition and granulation tissue formation	[35]
Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Aloe vera	Male ICR strain mice Acetaminophen-induced hepatitis	↓ Hepatic MDA ↓ IL-12 and IL-18 ↓ ALT transaminase ↓ Hepatitis	[65]
Aloe-emodin sulfates/glucuronides, rhein sulfates/glucuronides, aloe-emodin and rhein	LPS-induced septic mice	↓ NO level	[61]
Barbaloin	BALB/c mice LPS-induced acute lung injury	Histological analysis revealed certain protective effect	[60]
Anticancer Effects
Aloe vera aqueous extract	Male Swiss albino mice	Mutagenic activity Cytotoxic effect Wound healing (antioxidant properties)	[47]
Aloe vera extract	Mice with breast cancer by implantind	↓ COX-2 level ↓ VEGF levels	[73]
Aloe vera powder and extract	C57BL/6J mice high-fat diet induced and azoxymethane induced aberrant crypt foci colorectal cancer	↑ Hepatic phase II enzyme glutathione S-transferase mRNA levels ↓ Cell proliferation in the colonic mucosa ↓ Number of aberrant crypt foci	[80]
Aloe vera gel	BALB/c female mice with induced colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis	↓ Multiplicity of colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas ↓ Adenoma and adenocarcinoma development ↓ Activation of nuclear factor kappa B ↓ Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression ↓ Cell cycle progression-inducing cellular factors	[125]
Aloesin	Mice	↓ Tumor growth	[74]
Aloin	Male Swiss albino rats	↑ Erythropoiesis impairment ↑ Serum iron level No changes on serum lipid profile No changes on serum elements and kidney function parameters	[105]
Emodin	SPF BALB/c-nu nude mice	↑ Survival time of tumor ↓ Effect on transplantation tumors ↓ Oral cancer	[75]
Antidiabetic Effect
Aloe vera extract	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats	↓ Blood glucose levels ↑ Insulin levels ↑ Number, diameter, volume and area of pancreatic islets	[88]
Aloe vera extract	Streptozotocin-induced nephropathy diabetic Wistar rats	↓ Development of nephropathy ↓ Lipid alteration ↓ Renal oxidative stress Direct renoprotective action	[89]
Aloe vera gel	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats	↓ Anxiety/depression-like behaviors ↑ Exploratory and locomotor activities ↑ Memory performance ↓ Stress related behaviors ↓ Oxidative stress ↑ Neuronal loss in hippocampus	[134]
Aloe vera lyophilized extract	Wistar rats with corneal alkali-burn injury Normal rats and diabetic rats streptozotocin-induced	↑ Wound healing (especially in diabetic rats) ↓ Edema Complete and higher corneal re-epithelialization	[90]
Aloe vera polysaccharides	C57BL/KsJ-db/db male mice fed with high fat diet	↓ Fasting blood glucose levels	[91]
Cardioprotective Effect
Aloe vera	Wistar albino rats Spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury model	↓ MDA levels ↓ NF-κβ and nNOS expressions ↓ Hemorrhage ↓ Edema ↓ Inflammatory cell migration ↓ Neurons	[102]
Aloe vera extract	Wistar Albino rats with ischemia—reperfusion injury of sciatic nerve	↓ Ischemic fiber degeneration ↓ MDA ↑ NRF1 level ↑ SOD activity	[108]
Aloe vera gel	Male Wistar albino rats Ischemia reperfusion injury model	↑ SOD, CAT and GPx ↓ MDA levels	[103]
Aloe vera gel	Male Wistar Albino rats Sciatic nerve ischemia model	↓ Ischemic fiber degeneration ↓ MDA content ↑ NRF1 level and SOD activity Neuroprotection	[108]
Aloe-emodin	Male Wistar rats	↓Total cholesterol ↓ Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ↓ Hyperlipidemia	[107]
Aloe-emodin	Sprague Dawley rats Hypoxia conditions	↓Hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization	[131]
Aloin	Swiss albino rats	↓ Triacylglycerols ↓ Total cholesterol ↓ Cholesteryl esters ↓ Low density lipoprotein–cholesterol ↓ Very low density lipoprotein–cholesterol ↓ Urea ↓ Creatinine ↓ Blood hemoglobin concentration ↑ Serum iron level	[105]
Barbaloin/aloin	Sprague-Dawley rats Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model	↓ I/R induced myocardial oxidative stress and inflammatory response ↑ AMPK signaling	[104]
Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity
Aloe polysaccharides	PR8(H1N1) virus infection SPF BALB/c mice	Clinical symptoms improvement Lung damage improvement	[117]
Other Effects
Aloe vera aqueous extract	Female Wistar albino rats Morphine dependent model	↓ Agitation, disparity and floppy eyelids	[129]
Aloe vera aqueous extract	Wistar rats drug-induced sleeping and anesthesia and analgesia	↑ Loss of righting reflex ↓ Locomotion activity Changes in total sleep time, percent of REM sleep and percent of NREM sleep	[135]
Aloe vera ethanol extract	Wistar rats	↑ Mounting frequency ↑ Intromission frequency ↓ Mount and intromission latencies ↑ Ejaculatory latency ↑ Testosterone and cholesterol concentrations	[122]
Aloe vera ethanol extract	Rats	↓ TNF-α levels ↓ NK cells ↓ Th17 cells percentage Hepatoprotective	[136]
Aloe vera gel	C57BL/6 female mice C3H/HeJ mice	↑ Lymphocyte and erythrocytes number Lymphopenia and erythropenia restoration IgA secretion restoration	[125]
Aloe vera gel extract	Wistar rats Bisphenol A Induced Testicular Toxicity	↑ Body and testis weights ↑ Seminiferous tubule diameter and height of seminiferous epithelium ↑ Quantity of spermatocyte and spermatids ↓ MDA ↑ GSH	[123]
Aloe vera gel extract	Balb/c mice pulmonary tissue of cigarette smoke induced	↓ Degree of histoarchitectural alterations ↓ Mucin production ↓ NO levels ↓ Citrulline levels ↓ Peroxidative damage ↓ Serum LDH activity	[130]
Aloe vera lyophilized extract ointment	Wistar rats with partial transection of the calcaneal tendon	↑ Non-collagenous proteins ↑ Content and arrangement of glycosaminoglycans ↓ Tendon lesions	[128]
Aloe vera ethanol	Albino rabbits	Normalized levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelet count, packed cell volume, mean cell volume and haemoglobin values ↓ MDA ↑ CAT	[126]
Aloe vera gel ethanol extract	Wistar rats	↓ Testes weight ↓ Serum testosterone ↓ Sperm count ↓ Fertility ↑ Serum NO Negative effects on spermatogenesis and sperm quality	[121]
Aloe vera processed gel	BALB/c mice on ovalbumin -induced food allergy	↓ Serum concentrations of type 2 helper T cell (Th2) cytokines (Interleukin-(IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) ↓ Histamine ↓ Mast cell protease-1 ↓ Immunoglobulin IgE ↑ IL-10 production ↑ Population of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells ↓ Allergy	[124]
Aloin	F344/N Rats	↑ Incidences and severities of mucosal and goblet cell hyperplasia ↑ Shifts in gut microbiota structure	[137]