Study	Reason for exclusion
Bachrach 2000	Randomised controlled trial of two different surgical methods following femoral neck fracture, oral supplement intervention not randomised
Barateau 1998	Not randomised controlled trial, multicentred randomised survey
Barton 2000	Randomised controlled trial of normal versus fortified menu, intervention had more energy but less protein than control
Bastow 1983	Randomised controlled trial of nasogastric feeding
Bean 1994	Randomised controlled trial of ornithine alpha‐ketoglutarate versus a defined peptide oral supplement
Beattie 2000	Randomised controlled trial of oral protein and energy supplement, controls mean age 62 years, treatment group 54.4 years
Beier 1996	Randomised controlled trial of nasogastric feeding, controls median age 61.5 years, treatment group 66.5 years
Bernstein 2002	Randomised controlled trial of nutrition education versus exercise
Borum 2000	Prospective cohort study of artificial nutritional support in patients over 18 years
Bos 2000	Not randomised controlled trial, oral protein and energy supplement
Breslow 1993	Non randomised controlled trial, high or low protein, nasogastric or meal supplement
Brocker 1994	Randomised controlled trial of oral ornithine oxoglutarate
Brown 1995	Randomised controlled trial of early or late feeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion
Bunker 1994	Not randomised controlled trial, oral protein and energy supplement, matched control group, aged 70 to 85 years
Bunout 1989	Randomised controlled trial, oral protein and energy supplement, control group mean age 48 years, intervention group mean age 50 years
Bunout 2001	Free‐living elders half received nutrition supplementation, randomised to resistance training or not.
Bunout 2004	Free‐ living elders half received nutritional supplementation not randomised, randomised to receive resistance training or not.
Cabre 1990	Randomised controlled trial of nasogastric feeding, patients with cirrhosis, no age given
Caglar 2002	Not randomised study of oral nutritional supplementation for hemodialysis patients
Calvey 1985	Randomised controlled trial of normal diet versus normal diet plus carbohydrate and protein versus normal diet plus branched chain amino acid protein, mean age all groups 49 years
Campbell 1995	Randomised controlled trial of exercise and two levels of protein intake, mean age 65 years
Carr 1996	Randomised controlled trial of immediate nasogastric feeding versus intravenous fluids, controls mean age 51years, treatment group mean age 60 years
Chee 2003	Randomised controlled trial of the effect of milk supplementation on bone density. Mean age 58.7 and 59.0 years
Creutzberg 2000	Not randomised controlled trial, oral high caloric supplements in patients with COPD
Daly 1992	Randomised controlled trial in cancer patients of nasogastric immunomodulatory diet
Danhof 1982	Not randomised controlled trial, no control group, oral protein and energy supplementation study of nursing home patients
de Jong 2000	Randomised controlled trial of micronutrient supplementation in frail elderly people
Devine 1996	Randomised trial of calcium versus skimmed milk powder, mean age 63 years
Duncan 2006	Randomised controlled trial of additional personal care from dietetic assistants to improve the outcome of hip fracture patients
Efthimou 1988	Randomised controlled trial of oral protein and energy supplementation, mean age 62 years
Elmstahl 1987	Randomised controlled trial of three oral supplements for elderly patients, mean age 85 years with different levels of protein but same energy content
Eneroth 1997	Not randomised controlled trial, controls matched from another hospital
Eneroth 2006	Randomised controlled trial in hip fracture patients, intervention includes both intravenous and oral supplementation
Espaulella 2000	Randomised controlled trial of isocaloric supplement with and without protein in patients with fractured femur
Eyer 1993	Randomised controlled trial of early versus late nasogastric feeding, mean age under 45 years
Forli 2001	Randomised controlled trial of energy rich diet versus normal hospital diet in lung transplantation candidates
Fuenzalida 1990	Randomised controlled trial of oral protein and energy supplement, mean age 62 years with COPD
Gall 1998	Not randomised controlled trial, fortified food and snacks
Gallager 1992	Randomised controlled trial of supplementary overnight nasogastric feeding
Ganzoni 1994	Randomised controlled trial of dietary advice alone
Goris 2003	Randomised controlled trial of oral protein and energy supplements, mean aged 62 years.
Harrington 2004	Randomised controlled trial of high‐protein, high sodium vs adequate protein low sodium, probably too young
Hartgrink 1998	Randomised controlled trial of supplementary overnight nasogastric feeding
Hickson 2004	Randomised controlled trial of intensive feeding support from health care assistants
Hogarth 1996	Randomised controlled trial, oral supplement glucose and vitamins, no protein
Houwing 2003	Randomised controlled trial, oral supplement enriched with arginine versus placebo for hip fracture patients
Hurson 1995	Randomised controlled trial of oral supplement arginine
Jamieson 1997	Not randomised controlled trial, no information on age, wide range of nutrition interventions
Johansen 2004	Randomised controlled trial of specialised nutrition team versus standard regime, average age 62 years.
Johansson 2002	Randomised controlled trial of internal fixation or cemented primary total hip arthroplasty, a non‐randomised subgroup of patients were included in a study of nutrition support
Keane 1998	Randomised controlled trial of vitamin D‐fortified milk versus unfortified milk
Keele 1997	Randomised controlled trial of oral protein and energy supplement versus normal diet (2 phase), control group mean age 60 years, intervention group mean age 65 years
Kemen 1991	Randomised controlled trial of intact versus hydrolysed protein via jejunostomy, no age given
Kerrigan 1996	Not randomised controlled trial of calorifically dense supplement, no control group, nursing home residents, no age given
Kiel 1992	Not randomised controlled trial, fortification and added nutrients at meal times versus supplementation between meals, no age given
Kretser 2000	Not randomised controlled trial, 21 meals per week intensive meals on wheels programme
Kumagai 1999	Not randomised controlled trial, dietary consultation only
Lau 2001	Randomised controlled trial of calcium supplemented milk powder, control group mean age 56.8 years, intervention group mean age 57.1 years.
Lawson 2000	Cluster randomised by ward to protein and energy supplement or control group, post‐operative orthopaedic patients. Too young
Lewis 1987	Randomised controlled trial in patients with chronic pulmonary disease of protein and energy sip feeds, control group mean age 59 years, treatment group mean age 65 years
Neumann 2004	Randomised controlled trial of 2 oral supplements containing protein and energy in patients recovering from hip fracture‐ intervention group additional protein only
Nickerson 1998	Randomised controlled trial of oral amino acid arginine supplementation
Olin 1998	Not randomised controlled trial, of regular meals versus enriched meals in matched groups of elderly nursing home residents
Otte 1989	Randomised controlled trial of oral protein and energy supplementation of patients with pulmonary emphysema, mean age 56 years and 54 years
Pardy 1986	Not randomised controlled trial, all patients given protein and energy oral supplement, no age given
Paton 2004	Randomised controlled trial of protein and energy supplementation, mean age 38.4 years and 39.5 years
Planas 2005	Randomised controlled trial of protein and energy supplementation, mean age 60 years
Price 2006	Non randomised trial of personalized snack based intervention for hip fracture patients
Pupim 2002	Randomised controlled trial of oral nutritional supplementation, mean age 45.6 years and 50.0 years
Rana 1992	Randomised controlled trial of post‐operative oral protein and energy supplements, control group mean age 64 years, treatment group mean age 58 years
Remsburg 2001	Randomised controlled trial of buffet style dining program versus conventional tray style meal in nursing home residents
Rogers 1992	Randomised controlled trial of increased energy and protein feeding, control group mean age 64 years, treatment group mean age 64 years
Schurch 1998	Randomised controlled trial of isocaloric supplement, with or without protein, patients with fractured femur, mean age 80 years
Seri 1984	Randomised controlled trial of early nutritional support via jejunostomy versus conventional care, average age under 34 years
Seven 2003	Randomised controlled trial early versus late feeding in laryngectomized patients with malignant tumour, mean age 55 years and 56 years
Slodkowski 1994	Dietary study, mean age 54 years
Smedley 2004	Randomised controlled trial of the effects of preoperative and postoperative supplements in patients following GI surgery. Too young
Stauffer 1986	Not randomised controlled trial, oral protein and energy supplementation of patients with chronic pulmonary disease, patients used as own controls
Storm 1998	Randomised controlled trial of supplementation with milk versus calcium carbonate versus placebo, no outcomes of interest
Sullivan 1998	Randomised controlled trial of supplementary overnight nasogastric feeding
Tkatch 1992	Randomised control trial of supplements with versus without extra protein for patients with fractured femur
Tschepe 1985	Randomised controlled trial of oral supplementation with branched‐chain amino‐acids, patients with liver cirrhosis, age not given
Vargas 1995	Randomised controlled trial of supplementary nasogastric feeding, mean age 64 years
Vermeeren 2001	Randomised controlled trial of effects of acute dose of nutritional supplement on metabolism and exercise capacity, supplemented for <1day, mean age part 1 65years, part 2 62 years
Von Meyenfeldt 1990	Randomised controlled trial of pre‐operative parenteral nutrition versus nasogastric nutrition, patients with cancer, mean age over 61years
Wachtler 1995	Randomised controlled trial of oral immunomodulatory diet, mean age 65 years
Wara 1985	Not randomised controlled trial, early liquid diet versus conventional treatment and food
Williams 1989	Controlled trial of protein and energy supplementation in elderly orthopaedic patients, problems with randomisation proceedure
Wilson 1986	Not randomised controlled trial, protein and energy supplementation of patients with emphysema, mean age 60 years
Wisten 2005	Patients in geriatric hospital rehabilitation wards randomised into an intervention group (porridge group) and a control group (standard diet without porridge). Unclear if additional protein and energy provided. No outcomes of interest
Wong 2004	A randomised controlled trial of dietary counselling only
Yeh 2000	Randomised controlled trial, megestrol acetate versus placebo in geriatric nursing home patients