Service utilisation (costs)
Study	Consultant‐led n	Mean cost per patient	SD	Mean cost per patient per year	Patient‐initiated n	Mean cost per patient	SD	Mean cost per patient per year	Mean difference (per patient‐year)	Costs covered (excluding medication) (currency)
Berkhof 2014	51	2321	3967	1160.5	49	1803	2617	901.5	–259	GP, pulmonologist, pulmonary nurse emergency department, pulmonary ward (EUR)
Goodwin 2016	152	32.21	22.15	32.21	138	34.72	34.51	34.72	2.51	Telephone, face‐to‐face nurse and consultant (GBP)
Helgesen 2000	200	15280	—	3056	200	12873	—	2574.6	–481.4	Outpatients costs, hospital, nursing home and hospital‐based home care (SEK)
Hewlett 2000	89	624.69	339.48	312.345	93	436.94	332.76	218.47	–93.88	Hospital consultants, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, orthoptist, orthopaedic surgeon, chiropodist, transport, including predicted GBP 2000 nurse cost for helpline (GBP)
Kennedy 2003	366	494.99	—	494.99	285	364.78	—	364.78	–130.21	GP and all outpatient visits, hotel cost per inpatient day, intervention (GBP)
Koinberg 2004	131	—	—	630	133	—	—	495	–135	Nurse, GP, physiotherapist, social worker, prosthetic technicians, plus tests and telephone contacts (EUR)
Primdahl 2012	97	1225	522	612.5	96	1085	362	542.5	–70	Face‐to‐face and phone appointments, tests, other primary care services not disclosed (EUR)
Williams 2000	78	688	—	344	77	670	—	335	47.5	Outpatient visits, tests, day cases, inpatient days, GP visits, home visits (GBP)