Figure 1.

(a) Immunoglobulin A concentration in the fecal samples and blood of healthy subjects and subjects with IBS-D. (b) Representative images and statistical graphs of immunoglobulin A⁺ cells in the ileal and cecal mucosa of healthy participants and participants with IBS-D. (c) Quantitative gene expression of IGHA in the mucosal samples in the IBS-D and healthy control groups. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase is used as a housekeeping gene. In the statistical graph, blue colors represent the healthy controls and red colors represent patients with IBS-D, the same as below. IBS-D, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.