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. 2020 Feb 12;32(4):1124–1135. doi: 10.1105/tpc.19.00759

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Viral βC1, but not βC13A, Is Able to Activate Autophagy.

(A) Representative confocal microscopy images of dynamic autophagic activity revealed by the specific autophagy marker CFP-NbATG8f in plants infiltrated with HA-cLUC, HA-βC13A, or HA-βC1. Autophagosomes and autophagic bodies are revealed as CFP-positive puncta in mesophyll cells. CFP-NbATG8f fusion proteins are in cyan, and chloroplasts are in red. Bars = 20 mm.

(B) Quantification of the CFP-NbATG8f-labeled autophagic puncta/cell from (A). More than 500 mesophyll cells for each treatment were used for the quantification. Relative autophagic activity in HA-cLUC-infiltrated plants was normalized to control plants, which was set to 1.0. Values represent means ± se from three independent experiments; t test used for analyses, P ≤ 0.05 (*).

(C) Immunoblot assays showed that NbJoka2 protein level was reduced due to the increased autophagy flux in HA-βC1 plants. NbJoka2 was detected with anti-NBR1 polyclonal antibody.