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. 2020 Feb 11;63(5):1017–1031. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05107-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Regulation of sphingomyelin pathways in progression to islet autoimmunity and overt type 1 diabetes. (a) Canonical pathways of sphingolipid metabolism in humans. C1PP/C1PPase, ceramide-1-phosphate phosphatase; CDase, ceramidases; CerS, ceramide synthase; CK, ceramide kinase; DAG, diacylglycerol; DES, dihydroceramide desaturase; GalCDase, galactosidase; GalCS, galatosylceramide synthase; GCDase, glucosidase; GCS, glucosylceramide synthase; KSR, 3-keto dihydrosphinganine reductase; PC, phosphatidylcholine; S1P lyase, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase; S1PPase, sphingosine phosphate phosphatases; SK, sphingosine kinase; SMase, sphingomyelinase; SMS, sphingomyelin synthetase; SPT, serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase. (b) RMs predicted for PBMCs that were significantly different (false discovery rate [FDR] <0.05) between PT1D and P1Ab groups. The orange and cyan colours denote up- and downregulation of the RMs, respectively. The cellular compartments ‘[c]’, ‘[g]’, [r]’, ‘[l]’ denote the cytosol, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome, respectively