Figure 1.

Individualized management of tuberculosis using operational PK/PD research. In general, PK/PD research is patient-centered and uses information on the susceptibility of the pathogen being either phenotypic or genotypic, subsequently using a measure of drug exposure and correlate both in relation to treatment outcome or any other measure of treatment response in a real-life setting. Abbreviations: gDST, genotypic drug susceptibility testing; pDST, phenotypic drug susceptibility testing; PK, pharmacokinetic; TB, tuberculosis; TDM, therapeutic drug monitoring. * key drugs for TDM include rifampicin, pyrazinamide, isoniazid, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and linezolid.