Table 2.
Omeprazole studies published in scientific databases in relation to therapeutic use, mechanisms of action, dose/concentration, and interactions with vitamins.
| Parameters | Clinical % (n = 80) | Nonclinical % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro (n = 46)# | In vivo (n = 76)## | ||
| Analysis objects | |||
| Dose | 15.8 | — | 13.3 |
| Adverse effects | 10.5 | 9.1 | 13.3 |
| Drug interactions | 26.3 | 9.1 | — |
| Mechanisms of pharmacological action | 42.1∗ | 63.6∗ | 53.4∗ |
| Toxicogenic risks | 5.3 | 18.2 | 20.0 |
|
| |||
| Therapeutic use | |||
| Duodenal ulcer | 15.8 | — | 26.7 |
| Gastric ulcer | 10.5 | — | 20 |
| Gastroesophageal pathologies | 42.4∗ | 9.1 | 20 |
| Gastric cancer | 5.3 | — | 13.3 |
| Other pathologies | 26.0 | 90.9 | 20.0 |
|
| |||
| Mechanism of action | |||
| Proton pump inhibition | 52.6∗ | 27.3 | 60∗ |
| Acid and pH control | 26.3 | 27.2 | 7.4 |
| CYP219 and CP3AY enzyme inhibition | 10.5 | — | 14.3 |
| Effect of gastric distension | 5.3 | — | — |
| Apoptosis and protein p53 | 5.3 | — | — |
| Activators of the receptor (AhR) | — | 18.2 | 18.3 |
| Regulation ATPase in tumor cells | — | 9.1 | — |
| Inhibition of interleukin- (IL-) 8 | — | 9.1 | — |
| Inhibition of absorption of Na+ | — | 18.2 | — |
| Not reported | — | — | — |
|
| |||
| Dose/concentration | |||
| 10 mg/kg | 5.3 | — | — |
| 20 mg/kg | 66.7∗ | — | 6.7 |
| 30 mg/kg | 8.7 | — | 6.7 |
| 40 mg/kg | 19.3 | — | 20.2∗ |
| 20 mM | — | 18.2 | 6.7 |
| 25 mM | — | 18.2 | 6.7 |
| 40 mM/ml | — | — | 20 |
| 100 mM | — | 9.1 | — |
| 1 μM | — | 7.28 | 1.26 |
| 2 μM | — | 7.28 | 1.26 |
| 3 μM | — | 7.28 | 1.26 |
| 4 μM | — | 7.28 | 1.26 |
| 5 μM | — | 7.28 | 1.26 |
| 40 μM | — | 18.1 | 6.7 |
| 100 μm/kg | — | — | 10.0 |
| 200 μm/kg | — | — | 10.0 |
|
| |||
| Interaction with vitamins | |||
| Use of antioxidants | — | — | 13.3 |
| Without the use of antioxidants | 100 | 100 | 86.7∗ |
#Concentration/ml. ##Dose/kg. CYP219 and CYP3AY (metabolizing enzymes). AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; IL-8: interleukin 8. Chi-square test ∗p < 0.05.