Table 4.
Gastroprotective effects of OME and mechanisms of action that may lead to protection and/or risk of genomic instability.
| Dose/concentration | Study | Test system | Mechanisms of action | Prevention/risk of DNA damage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-40 mg/kg | Clinical | Human (n = 94558) | H2 receptor antagonists and PPIs | Oxidative stress | [57] |
| 20 and 40 mg/kg | Clinical | — | pH control | Not identified | [58] |
| 20, 40, and 100 mg/kg | Clinical | Human (n = 12) | Inhibition of CYP2C19, pharmacokinetics, gastroprotection of microdoses | Oxidative stress | [42, 43] |
| 10 mg/14 days | Clinical | Human (n = 32) | Gastroprotection | Not identified | [62] |
| 20 mg/kg | Clinical | Human (n = 75) | Histamine blockage | Not identified | [59] |
| — | Clinical | Human (n = 17489) | Mechanisms involved in the gastric diseases | Oxidative stress | [63] |
| 20 mg/kg | Clinical | Human (n = 70) | Pharmacokinetics-antiulceratives | Not identified | [64] |
| 20 mg | Clinical | Human (n = 199) | Better action in patients with CYP 2 C1Q PM phenotype | Not identified | [65] |
| 20 mg+amoxicillin 750 mg | Clinical | Human (n = 268) | Antacids, dose-dependent, CYP2C19 polymorphisms | Infection, oxidative stress | [66] |
| 0.7, 1.4, and 4 mg/kg | In vivo | Horses | Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms | Not identified | [67] |
| 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Reduced necrotic damage, increased mucosal and gastric acid secretion reduction | Not identified | [52] |
| 200 g/ml | In vivo | Rats | Increased prostaglandins synthesis and sulfhydryl compounds | Oxidative stress | [60] |
| 40 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Inhibition of caspase 1, AC-YVAD-CMK, silencing of inflammasome NLRP3 | Inhibition of apoptosis | [61] |
| 40 mg/kg | In vivo | C57BL1 mice (n = 6) | Upregulation of BAX and caspase 3 → increased cell necrosis | Induction of apoptosis and necrosis | [61] |
| 20 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Gastric protection, inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase system | Not identified | [68] |
| 15 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Decreases blood flow, increased glycoproteins, prostaglandins, necrosis factor (TNF-α) | Not identified | [69] |
| 1-100 μM | In vitro | Human hepatocyte cell line | Activation of AhR and induction of CYP1A | Catalytic activities | [41] |
PPIs: proton pump inhibitors; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.