Table 5.

Antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activities of OME and its protective effects and/or risk of genomic instability.

Activities	Dose/concentration	Study	Test systems	Mechanism of action	Preventive approach	References
Antioxidant	2, 10, and 20 mg/kg	In vivo	Rats	Induction of CYP1A1, antihyperoxia	Prevention of oxidative damage	[92]
Antioxidant	10.0 μM	In vitro: cell culture	Human lung fetal cells	Upregulation of NADPH kinase oxidoreductase-1 via Nrf-2 expression not dependent on Nrf-2	Prevention of oxidative damage	[74]
Antioxidant	2 and 5 mg/kg (dose-dependent)	In vivo	Rats	·OH scavenging capacity, prevention of apoptosis by nuclear fragmentation	Prevention of oxidative damage and apoptosis	[73]
Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory	8.49 g/ml	In vivo	Rats	Reduction of hemorrhages and inflammation, preserving the endoplasmic reticulum	Protection of oxidative stress	[80]
Antioxidant Antineuropathic	50 mg/kg	In vivo	Rats	Inhibits NF-κB, releases cytokines, protects cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) damage induction, reduces oxidative stress, increases several internal antioxidants	Protection of oxidative damages	[72]
Antitoxicity	5 μg/ml	In vitro	Tumor cells	Cytochrome P450 metabolism (CYP450), CYP2C19, CYP3A4, C4P2CY	Toxicity prevention	[93]
Anti-inflammatory	300 μM	In vivo	Mice	Inhibition of TNF-α and interleukin	Antiapoptosis prevention of oxidative stress	[75]
Anti-inflammatory	Not reported	In vivo	Microglia	Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines	Prevention of oxidative damage	[76]
Anti-inflammatory	0.5, 1.5, and 10 μg/ml	In vitro	MRC-5 cells	Antibacterial effect	Protection from bacterial infection	[94]