Table 1. Characteristics of Included Studies.
Source | Study setting | Criteria | No. | CUD, % | Male, % | Age, y | CWS, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CUD | CWS | |||||||
Cottler et al,17 1995, United States | Population | DSM-III-R | CIDI-SAM | 102 | 8 | 57 | 37.0 | 15.7 |
Wiesbeck et al,18 1996, United States | Population | DSM-IV | SSAGA | 1735 | 50.4 | 63 | 32.3 | 15.6 |
Budney et al,19 1998, United States | Outpatient | DSM-III-R | Operationalized | 62 | 100 | 87 | 31.2 | 75.8 |
Crowley et al,20 1998, United States | Outpatient | DSM-III-R | CIDI-SAM, DISC | 229 | 78.6 | 72 | 15.8 | 66.8 |
Swift et al,21 1998, Australia | Population | DSM-III-R | Operationalized | 243 | 57 | 58 | 36.0 | 20.2 |
Budney et al,6 1999, United States | Outpatient | DSM-III-R | MWC | 54 | 54 | 85 | 33.8 | 57.4 |
Schuckit et al,22 1999, United States | Outpatient | DSM-III-R | Operationalized | 596 | 30 | 66.1 | 32.0 | 39.9 |
Kouri and Pope et al,23 2000, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | Self-reported diary | 30 | 100 | 87 | 42.5 | 60.0 |
Swift et al,24 2000, Australia | Outpatient | DSM-III-R | Operationalized | 162 | 92 | 53.7 | 30.0 | 32.1 |
Swift et al,25 2001, Australia | Population | DSM-IV | CIDI, DSM-IV, SCID | 722 | 20.8 | NA | NA | 29.5 |
Stephens et al,26 2002, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | SCID, TLFB, ASI | 450 | 100 | 68.4 | 36.1 | 77.6 |
Budney et al,7 2003, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MWC, MCQ | 18 | 100 | 61 | 30.9 | 77.8 |
Vandrey et al,27 2005, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MWC, YSR, WDS | 72 | 56.9 | 90 | 16.2 | 58.3 |
Copersino et al,28 2006, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MJQQ | 104 | 54 | 78 | 35.0 | 44.2 |
Levin et al,29 2006, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | CMR, URICA, RDU | 42 | 100 | 74 | 34.3 | 69.0 |
Nocon et al,30 2006, Germany | Population | DSM-IV | CIDI-SAM, MWC | 732 | 3.5 | NA | 19.0 | 16.1 |
Lukasiewicz et al,31 2007, France | Population | DSM-IV | Operationalized | 278 | 26.7 | 90.1 | 39.0 | 7.6 |
Agrawal et al,32 2008, United States | Population | DSM-IV | AUDADIS | 1603 | 12.2 | 62 | 30.8 | 8.0 |
Chung et al,33 2008, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MWC, SCID | 214 | 60.7 | 67 | 16.8 | 36.9 |
Cornelius et al,34 2008, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MWC | 170 | 100 | 54 | 20.3 | 43.5 |
Hasin et al,35 2008, United States | Population | DSM-IV | SCID | 2613 | 57.2 | 67 | 58.5 | 34.4 |
Jungerman et al,36 2008, Brazil | Outpatient | DSM-III-R | CIDI, TFLB, MWC | 160 | 100 | 80 | 32.3 | 51.3 |
Milin et al,37 2008, Canada | Inpatient | DSM-IV | CWS, SCID | 21 | 100 | 67 | 17.0 | 100.0 |
Vandrey et al,38 2008, United States | Inpatient | DSM-IV | WSC | 12 | 100 | 50 | 28.2 | 100.0 |
Mennes et al,39 2009, United Statesa | Outpatient | DSM-IV | CIDI-SAM | 416 | 48 | 49 | 22.0 | 50.0 |
Mennes et al,39 2009, United Statesa | Outpatient | DSM-IV | CIDI-SAM | 278 | 63 | 49 | 22.0 | 68.0 |
Ehlers et al,40 2010, United States | Population | DSM-IV | SSAGA | 818 | 13.9 | 38 | 48.4 | 16.5 |
Levin et al,41 2010, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MJQQ | 469 | 91 | 58 | 31.2 | 42.4 |
Preuss et al,42 2010, Germany | Inpatient | DSM-IV | MWC | 118 | 100 | 85 | 19.6 | 72.0 |
Vorspan et al,43 2010, United Statesa | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MJQQ | 43 | 79.1 | 69.8 | 37.0 | 65.1 |
Vorspan et al,43 2010, United Statesa | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MJQQ | 56 | 100 | 71.4 | 27.0 | 64.3 |
Dervaux et al,44 2011, France | Inpatient | DSM-IV | DIGS | 92 | 100 | 75 | 28.7 | 84.8 |
Gorelick et al,45 2012, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MJQQ, self-report diary | 384 | 92.4 | 58.3 | 29.2 | 40.9 |
Boggs et al,46 2013, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MJQQ | 120 | 81.7 | 77 | 41.5 | 50.0 |
Smith et al,47 2013, United Statesa | Population | DSM-IV | AUDADIS | 1712 | NA | 68 | 34.3 | 18.8 |
Smith et al,47 2013, United Statesa | Population | DSM-IV | AUDADIS | 1187 | NA | 68 | 34.3 | 9.8 |
Verweij et al,48 2013, Australia | Population | DSM-IV | SSAGA, CWS, MCQ | 2276 | 23.6 | 39 | 31.9 | 11.9 |
Bonnet et al,49 2014, Germany | Inpatient | DSM-IV | MWC | 39 | 100 | 80 | 28.6 | 92.3 |
Greene et al,50 2014, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | CDDR | 90 | 84.4 | 82 | 16.6 | 40.0 |
Lee et al,51 2014, United States | Inpatient | DSM-IV | CWS, MCQ, SCL-90R | 30 | 79.3 | 100 | 28.5 | 73.3 |
Delforterie et al,52 2015, United Statesa | Population | DSM-IV | AUDADIS, CIDI | 1568 | 11.7 | 50 | 24.8 | 29.2 |
Delforterie et al,52 2015, the Netherlandsa | Population | DSM-IV | AUDADIS, CIDI | 359 | 16.4 | 65 | 23.9 | 12.5 |
Herrmann et al,53 2015, United States | Outpatient | DSM-5 | MWC, WDS | 136 | 77.9 | 73 | 33.3 | 50.7 |
Macfarlane and Christie,54 2015, New Zealand | Inpatient | DSM-IV | MWC | 47 | 100 | 63 | 31.0 | 87.2 |
Soenksen et al,55 2015, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MWC | 93 | 76.9 | 100 | 16.4 | 66.7 |
Davis et al,56 2016, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | CWS | 110 | 53.4 | 93 | 19.2 | 48.2 |
Sherman et al,57 2017, United States | Outpatient | DSM-5 | TFLB, MWC, MCQ | 302 | 100 | 72 | 30.3 | 50.3 |
Chauchard et al,58 2018, United States | Outpatient | DSM-IV | MJQQ | 23 | 100 | 82.6 | 27.4 | 30.4 |
Livne et al,59 2019, United States | Population | DSM-5 | DSM-5 | 1527 | 24.6 | 66 | NA | 12.1 |
Perron et al,60 2019, United States | Outpatient | DSM-5 | MWC | 801 | 1.8 | 53.6 | 45.1 | 52.3 |
Abbreviations: ASI, Addiction Severity Index; AUDADIS, Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Schedule; CDDR, Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record; CIDI-SAM, Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Substance Abuse Module; CMR, Circumstances, Motivation, Readiness; CUD, cannabis use disorder; CWS, cannabis withdrawal syndrome; DIGS, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies; DISC, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition; MCQ, Marijuana Cravings Questionnaire; MJQQ, Marijuana Quit Questionnaire; MWC, Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; SCL-90R, Symptom Checklist 90–Revised; SSAGA, Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism; TFLB, time-line follow-back; WDS, Withdrawal Discomfort Scale; WSC, Withdrawal Symptom Checklist; YSR, Youth Self-Report.
These studies included 2 or more substudies.