Table 2. Subgroup Analyses of Factors Associated With Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome Prevalence.
| Subgroup analyses | Prevalence (95% CI), % | Studies, No. | z Value | I2, % | P value | Between-group comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 | P value | ||||||
| Sample sourcea | |||||||
| Population-based | 17 (13-22) | 15 | 7.866 | 98 | <.001 | 0.172 | <.001 |
| Clinical | |||||||
| Outpatient | 54 (48-59) | 28 | 20.267 | 94 | <.001 | ||
| Inpatient | 87 (79-94) | 7 | 22.346 | 94 | <.001 | ||
| Study designa | |||||||
| Cross-sectional | 19 (15.-24) | 17 | 8.733 | 99 | <.001 | 0.194 | <.001 |
| Cohort | 62 (56-68) | 33 | 19.816 | 96 | <.001 | ||
| Method of CWS diagnosis | |||||||
| Clinician-rated | 52 (41-62) | 20 | 9.725 | 99. | <.001 | 0.518 | .49 |
| Self-reported | 45 (37-53) | 23 | 11.086 | 99. | <.001 | ||
| Informant-rated | 40 (21-59) | 7 | 4.071 | 99 | <.001 | ||
| Method of CUD diagnosis | |||||||
| DSM-IV | 49 (43-56) | 37 | 14.993 | 99 | <.001 | 0.493 | .44 |
| DSM-III-R | 45 (31-58) | 8 | 6.382 | 97 | <.001 | ||
| DSM-5 | 34 (15-54) | 5 | 3.470 | 99 | <.001 | ||
| Timeline of CWSa | |||||||
| Past year | 31 (27-36) | 32 | 13.590 | 99 | <.001 | 0.314 | <.001 |
| Lifetime | 76 (70-82) | 18 | 26.659 | 86 | <.001 | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 27 (21-34) | 15 | 9.952 | 93 | <.001 | 0.172 | .99 |
| Female | 26 (19-33) | 15 | 9.200 | 96 | <.001 | ||
| Geographic region | |||||||
| North America | 48 (42-55) | 38 | 14.637 | 99 | <.001 | 0.484 | .77 |
| Europe | 47 (25-70) | 6 | 4.121 | 99 | <.001 | ||
| South America | 51 (44-59) | 1 | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Australasia | 36 (20-52) | 5 | 5.385 | 99 | <.001 | ||
Abbreviations: CUD, cannabis use disorder; CWS, cannabis withdrawal syndrome; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition-Revision; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition; NA, not applicable.
a
Statistically significant at P < .05.