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. 2020 Feb 28;12(3):652. doi: 10.3390/nu12030652

Figure 3.

Figure 3

PPARβ regulates PGC-1α protein levels in a post-transcriptional manner. (A) PGC-1α mRNA is rapidly increased by a bout of exercise, and then downregulated at 6, 14, and 28 days of exercise training (n = 6 muscles of mice per each day), Values are means ± SE. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 versus day 0. # p < 0.05 versus 1 day of exercise training. Muscles were isolated immediately after Ext. (B) p38, ATF2 and PGC-1α expression levels were determined in PPARβ-overexpressing skeletal muscles. Muscles were isolated 21 days after PPARβ overexpression through electroporation (n = 4 muscle of mice per group). Values are means ± SE. * p < 0.05 versus EV. (C) PPARβ overexpression does not increase PGC-1α mRNA (n = 4 muscle of mice per group). Values are means ± SE. (D) PPARβ overexpression increases PGC-1α protein stability in a post-transcriptional manner, empty vector (EV) or myc-PPARβ (Pβ) was overexpressed in the tibialis anterior, and muscles were isolated at 24 and 54 h after acute exercise (n = 6 muscles of mice per group). Values are means ± SE. ** p < 0.01 versus sedentary (Sed). # p < 0.01 verses PPARβ 54 h after acute exercise. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA or Student’s t-test.