Table 2.
Pheno- and genotypical characteristics for hierarchical cluster groups based on amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and taxa aggregates based on identification in the eHOMD database. Underlying dendrograms are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 4, respectively. For eHOMD, only variables that differed significantly between the clusters are shown.
| Cluster by dichotomized sequence variants with ≥2 reads per ASV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster ASV1 | Cluster ASV2 | Cluster ASV3 | Cluster ASV4 | p-valuea | |
| n = 42 | n = 74 | n = 51 | n = 8 | ||
| Women, % | 45.2 | 51.4 | 58.8 | 37.5 | 0.497 |
| Age | 18.0 (17.7, 18.3) | 18.1 (17.8, 18.3) | 18.2 (17.9, 18.5) | 18.8 (18.0, 19.5) | 0.281 |
| BMIb | 23.0 (22.0, 24.0) | 22.5 (21.7, 23.3) | 22.6 (21.7, 23.6) | 23.6 (21.3, 25.9) | 0.730 |
| Smoking, % | 0.244 | ||||
| Present | 4.8 | 8.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Past | 7.1 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 0.0 | |
| Swedish snus, % | 0.576 | ||||
| Present | 2.4 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 12.5 | |
| Past | 11.9 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 12.5 | |
| Dietc | |||||
| total energy, kcal/day | 1914 (1702, 2125) | 1875 (1721, 2030) | 1793 (1600, 1985) | 1754 (1291, 2218) | 0.591 |
| carbohydrates, E% | 42.4 (40.4, 44.6) | 38.9 (37.3, 40.5) | 40.5 (38.6, 42.5) | 42.4 (37.5, 46.9) | 0.136 |
| sugar, E% | 16.6 (15.3, 17.9) | 13.6 (12.7, 14.6) | 15.7 (14.6, 16.9) | 16.4 (13.6, 19.2) | 0.001 |
| sucrose, E% | 6.8 (6.1, 7.4) | 5.3 (4.8, 5.7) | 6.2 (5.6, 6.9) | 6.2 (4.7, 7.7) | 0.008 |
| protein, E% | 13.4 (12.5, 14.4) | 14.6 (13.9, 15.3) | 14.2 (13.4, 15.1) | 12.3 (10.2, 14.3) | 0.173 |
| fat, E% | 43.3 (40.9, 45.8) | 45.3 (43.5, 47.1) | 44.4 (42.2, 46.6) | 44.5 (39.2, 49.8) | 0.865 |
| sweet sugar snacks, daily frequency | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.7) | 0.155 |
| sweet non-sugar products, daily frequency | 0.12 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.17) | 0.11 (0.04, 0.18) | 0.11 (0.0, 0.27) | 0.999 |
| milk, gram/day | 210 (126, 293) | 208 (161, 256) | 82 (0, 224) | 258 (181, 334) | 0.152 |
| healthy diet score | 11.8 (10.6, 13.0) | 12.0 (11.1, 12.9) | 12.1 (11.0, 13.1) | 11.8 (11.1, 16.5) | 0.629 |
| Gene polymorphism | |||||
| TAS1R1 (rs731024), % AA | 23.8 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 37.5 | 0.003 |
| GNAT3 (rs2074673) % GG+GA | 54.8 | 65.8 | 72.5 | 12.5 | 0.007 |
| GNAT3 (rs11760281) % AA+AG | 38.1 | 52.1 | 64.7 | 12.5 | 0.010 |
| Oral parametersd | |||||
| saliva flow rate, ml/mine | 1.3 (1.0. 1.5) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.031 |
| DeFSe | 6.3 (4.1, 3.2) | 4.2 (2.6, 5.8) | 4.4 (2.4, 6.3) | 3.8 (1.0, 8.7) | 0.429 |
| bleeding gums, % | 24.3 | 29.0 | 40.9 | 25.0 | 0.387 |
| daily tooth brushing, % | 68.3 | 87.5 | 79.6 | 75.0 | 0.103 |
| extra fluoride, % | 7.7 | 7.1 | 2.0 | 12.5 | 0.497 |
| Cluster by dichotomous eHOMD-aggregated species with >25 reads | |||||
| Cluster H1 | Cluster H2 | Cluster H3 | Cluster H4 | p-valuea | |
| n = 70 | n = 33 | n = 48 | n = 24 | ||
| Women, % | 50.0 | 63.6 | 41.7 | 58.3 | 0.229 |
| Sugarc, E% | 15.8 (14.8, 16.8) | 15.9 (14.3, 17.4) | 13.2 (12.1, 14.4) | 15.6 (13.9, 17.2) | 0.006 |
| Sucrosec, E% | 6.5 (6.0, 7.0) | 6.4 (5.7, 7.2) | 4.9 (4.3, 5.5) | 6.0 (5.2, 6.9) | <0.001 |
| SNP variants | |||||
| GNAT3 (rs2074673) % GG+GA | 56.5 | 84.8 | 66.7 | 41.7 | 0.005 |
| GNAT3 (rs11760281) % AA+AG | 47.8 | 72.2 | 54.2 | 20.8 | 0.001 |
All tests were non-parametric. Adjustment for sex and age did not affect the results. (a) 11 participants were excluded in analyses including diet variables due to unrealistic reported energy intake. Means and 95% CI are adjusted for sex, age and BMI. (b) For bleeding gums, 13.1%, daily brushing,2.9%, and extra fluoride, 4.0% had missing answers, respectively. (c) Means and 95% CI are adjusted for sex and age. p-values in bold are considered significant. ASV, amplicon sequence variant.