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. 2020 Mar 24;25(6):1474. doi: 10.3390/molecules25061474

Table 6.

Mean of the concentration expressed as µg/g of the low molecular weight phenolic compounds found in seasoned woods of different botanical origin.

Seasoning (Time) Species Acids Total * Aldehydes Total * Coumarins Total *
Ellagic Gallic. Syringic Vanillic Ferulic Coniferyl Sinapic Syringic Vanillin Scopoletin Aesculetin
Oven (0% IH) Alternative woods
Q. pyrenaica (F) [21] 137.35 72.33 36.2 16.13 5.36 267 18.73 39.53 67.67 25.74 152 273.96 ns 693
Castanea sativa (A) [21] 103.59 267.23 76.98 56.74 12.82 517 27.87 92.28 168.52 63.61 352 285.85 ns 1155
Prunus avium (A) [21] 15.8 31.11 43.94 30.54 14.87 136 332.59 78.72 42.01 30.38 484 0 ns 620
Traditional Quercus
Q. petraea Matts. [21] 144.87 72.02 201.09 98.49 15.34 532 37.3 282.6 275.64 20.16 616 252.04 ns 1400
Q robur L. [21] 143.11 238 87.09 108.81 9.91 587 28.6 106.16 152.57 71.23 359 260.03 ns 1206
Q. alba L. [21] 177.19 77.14 37.33 46.17 7.84 346 13.61 27.15 45.3 177.01 263 455.14 ns 1064
Oven (12–14% IH) Alternative woods
Q. humboldtti (A) [13] 562.05 244.05 3.49 4.05 ns 814 2.47 10.18 5.51 ns* 18 ns ns 832
Traditional Quercus
Q. petraea Matts. [13]** 613.19–597.74 139.28–43.12 8.15–6.33 7.95–4.07 ns 769–651 3.74–2.91 6.41–3.42 12.13–8.90 ns* 22–15 ns ns 791–666
Q. alba L. [13]** 419.94 8.51 6.54 6.59 ns 442 3.99 5.28 18.15 ns* 27.42 ns ns 469
Natural (Non-specific) Alternative woods
Q. pyrenaica (I) [27] 1254.8 545.2 82.6 95 230.6 2208 2.6 7.2 21.4 6.2 37 ns ns 2246
Q. pyrenaica (I) [28] 1806 1318 107 78 201 3510 4 8 17 5 34 2.01 ns 3546
Q. pyrenaica (I) [28] 2071 771 106 125 230 3303 2 8 25 8 43 1.23 ns 3347
Q. pyrenaica (I) [28] 2679 1094 154 121 197 4245 4 11 31 12 58 0.87 ns 4304
Q. pyrenaica [28] 848 494 86 33 269 1730 3 10 23 8 44 25.15 ns 1799
Castanea sativa (D) [29] 1955.2 3263.2 1215.8 348.4 845.8 7628 0 2.8 1.6 5.2 9.6 1.61 ns 7640
Castanea sativa (E) [28] 1105 2540 234 792 408 5079 0 83 50 160 293 1.07 ns 5373
Castanea sativa [22] 1700 1800 ns ns ns 3500 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 3500
Traditional Quercus 2256
Q. petraea Matts. [22,28] 2400–1068 1000–846 78–ns 49–ns 215–ns 3400–2256 6–ns 12–ns 22–ns 12–ns 52–ns 3.45–ns ns 3400–2308
Q. robur L. [28] 1506 484 81 81 235 2387 2 10 15 2 29 5.28 ns 2421
Natural (12 m) Alternative woods
Q. pyrenaica (E) [33] 299 489 11.7 5.39 0.72 806 3.97 5.11 9.13 5.91 24 6.4 2.65 839
Q. faginea (A) [33] 340 383 6.39 2.65 0.77 733 3.95 8.69 5.75 3.76 22 3.09 2.1 760
Traditional Quercus 0 0
Q. petraea Matts. [33] 224 106 6.97 4.32 0.62 342 5.07 3.91 8.15 5.94 23 0.43 2.22 368
Q. robur L. [33] 253 341 9.51 4.74 1.06 609 6.32 4.29 11.4 6.81 29 2.84 5.62 647
Natural (18 m) Alternative woods
Castanea sativa (F) [26] 870 5500 2490 560 670 10090 110 10 70 10 200 0.25 ns 10290
Castanea sativa (G) [26] 780 9100 3350 560 640 14430 170 20 100 10 300 0.59 ns 14730
Natural (24 m) Alternative woods
Q. pyrenaica (G) [25] 296.9 117.78 3.06 8.57 5.36 431 12.96 8.41 14.2 7.91 43.48 ns ns 475
Castanea sativa (B) [15] 588 6166 7.38 7.11 10.4 6779 8.42 11.8 14 20.5 54.72 1.26 ns 6835
Castanea sativa (C) [25] 325.71 590.54 15.99 74.67 6.76 1014 2.57 5.38 78.73 72.06 159 ns ns 1172
Castanea sativa (D) [31] 208.75 7801.88 9.58 nd ns 8020 nd nd nd 11.25 11.25 ns ns 8031
Robinia p. (A) [17] 14.2 27.09 nd nd ns 41 nd nd nd nd nd ns ns 41
Robinia p. (B) [31] 88.33 291.04 28.54 nd ns 408 nd nd nd nd nd ns ns 408
Prunus avium [8] nd 1.22 nd 2.04 ns 3 nd nd nd nd nd 2.42 ns 6
Prunus cereaus (A) [31] 193.96 nd 21 13 ns 228 nd nd nd nd nd ns ns 228
Fraxinus americana L. [18] nd nd 4.11 16.5 4.02 25 10.6 18.6 20.6 23.4 73.2 ns ns 98
Fraxinus excelsior L. [18] nd nd 2.44 6.04 2.89 11 6.01 9.94 13.8 12 41.75 ns ns 53
Traditional Quercus
Q. robur L. [31] 333.75 3767 25.63 40 ns 4166 nd nd nd nd nd ns ns 4166
Natural (36 m) Alternative woods
Q. pyrenaica (E) [3] 735 445 15 14.2 2.0 1211 7.5 2.9 21.0 15.0 46 ns 1.9 1259.5
Q. faginea (A) [3] 790 582 11.3 9.2 2.4 1395 4.6 1.9 13.1 6.8 26 ns 1.4 1422.7
Traditional Quercus
Q. petraea Matts. [3] 328–547 285–72 12.5–9.6 13.9–11.7 2.8–2.8 858–427 11.7–6.4 3.4–2.2 20.1–12.8 13.5–8.6 49–30 ns 3.7–1.2 911–458
Q. robur L. [3] 736–592 243–181 17.9–8.6 14.8–12.0 4.1–2.7 940–869 10.1–6.2 2.7–1.9 16.7–8.1 10.7–5.6 40–26 ns 2.8–1.2 982–898
Q. alba L. [3] 746 103 24.4 13.4 nd 886.8 5.9 4.2 20.7 13.4 44.2 ns 5.0 936

Q. pyrenaica Willd. from: (E) Álava; (F) north-west of Spain; (G) Gerês forest of Portugal; (I) Portugal. Castanea sativa Mill. from: (A) Lugo; (B) France; (C) Gerês forest of Portugal; (D) north of Portugal; (E) Portugal; (F) Amarante in northwest of Portugal; (G) Carrazeda in northern Portugal. Prunus avium from: (A) Lugo. Prunus cereaus from: (A) central France (25 months). Q. humboldtti Bonpl. from: (A) Colombia. Quercus: Q. alba L., Q. stellata., Q. lyrata. and Q. bicolor. Q. faginea Lam. from: (A) Álava. Robinia pseudoacacia L. (A) and with 25 months (B). The number superscript in the second column is the reference. m: months; *: total is calculated as the sum of all those presented in the table; ns: not studied; ns**: not studied with HPLC.