Table 6.
Seasoning (Time) | Species | Acids | Total * | Aldehydes | Total * | Coumarins | Total * | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ellagic | Gallic. | Syringic | Vanillic | Ferulic | Coniferyl | Sinapic | Syringic | Vanillin | Scopoletin | Aesculetin | |||||
Oven (0% IH) | Alternative woods | ||||||||||||||
Q. pyrenaica (F) [21] | 137.35 | 72.33 | 36.2 | 16.13 | 5.36 | 267 | 18.73 | 39.53 | 67.67 | 25.74 | 152 | 273.96 | ns | 693 | |
Castanea sativa (A) [21] | 103.59 | 267.23 | 76.98 | 56.74 | 12.82 | 517 | 27.87 | 92.28 | 168.52 | 63.61 | 352 | 285.85 | ns | 1155 | |
Prunus avium (A) [21] | 15.8 | 31.11 | 43.94 | 30.54 | 14.87 | 136 | 332.59 | 78.72 | 42.01 | 30.38 | 484 | 0 | ns | 620 | |
Traditional Quercus | |||||||||||||||
Q. petraea Matts. [21] | 144.87 | 72.02 | 201.09 | 98.49 | 15.34 | 532 | 37.3 | 282.6 | 275.64 | 20.16 | 616 | 252.04 | ns | 1400 | |
Q robur L. [21] | 143.11 | 238 | 87.09 | 108.81 | 9.91 | 587 | 28.6 | 106.16 | 152.57 | 71.23 | 359 | 260.03 | ns | 1206 | |
Q. alba L. [21] | 177.19 | 77.14 | 37.33 | 46.17 | 7.84 | 346 | 13.61 | 27.15 | 45.3 | 177.01 | 263 | 455.14 | ns | 1064 | |
Oven (12–14% IH) | Alternative woods | ||||||||||||||
Q. humboldtti (A) [13] | 562.05 | 244.05 | 3.49 | 4.05 | ns | 814 | 2.47 | 10.18 | 5.51 | ns* | 18 | ns | ns | 832 | |
Traditional Quercus | |||||||||||||||
Q. petraea Matts. [13]** | 613.19–597.74 | 139.28–43.12 | 8.15–6.33 | 7.95–4.07 | ns | 769–651 | 3.74–2.91 | 6.41–3.42 | 12.13–8.90 | ns* | 22–15 | ns | ns | 791–666 | |
Q. alba L. [13]** | 419.94 | 8.51 | 6.54 | 6.59 | ns | 442 | 3.99 | 5.28 | 18.15 | ns* | 27.42 | ns | ns | 469 | |
Natural (Non-specific) | Alternative woods | ||||||||||||||
Q. pyrenaica (I) [27] | 1254.8 | 545.2 | 82.6 | 95 | 230.6 | 2208 | 2.6 | 7.2 | 21.4 | 6.2 | 37 | ns | ns | 2246 | |
Q. pyrenaica (I) [28] | 1806 | 1318 | 107 | 78 | 201 | 3510 | 4 | 8 | 17 | 5 | 34 | 2.01 | ns | 3546 | |
Q. pyrenaica (I) [28] | 2071 | 771 | 106 | 125 | 230 | 3303 | 2 | 8 | 25 | 8 | 43 | 1.23 | ns | 3347 | |
Q. pyrenaica (I) [28] | 2679 | 1094 | 154 | 121 | 197 | 4245 | 4 | 11 | 31 | 12 | 58 | 0.87 | ns | 4304 | |
Q. pyrenaica [28] | 848 | 494 | 86 | 33 | 269 | 1730 | 3 | 10 | 23 | 8 | 44 | 25.15 | ns | 1799 | |
Castanea sativa (D) [29] | 1955.2 | 3263.2 | 1215.8 | 348.4 | 845.8 | 7628 | 0 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 5.2 | 9.6 | 1.61 | ns | 7640 | |
Castanea sativa (E) [28] | 1105 | 2540 | 234 | 792 | 408 | 5079 | 0 | 83 | 50 | 160 | 293 | 1.07 | ns | 5373 | |
Castanea sativa [22] | 1700 | 1800 | ns | ns | ns | 3500 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 3500 | |
Traditional Quercus | 2256 | ||||||||||||||
Q. petraea Matts. [22,28] | 2400–1068 | 1000–846 | 78–ns | 49–ns | 215–ns | 3400–2256 | 6–ns | 12–ns | 22–ns | 12–ns | 52–ns | 3.45–ns | ns | 3400–2308 | |
Q. robur L. [28] | 1506 | 484 | 81 | 81 | 235 | 2387 | 2 | 10 | 15 | 2 | 29 | 5.28 | ns | 2421 | |
Natural (12 m) | Alternative woods | ||||||||||||||
Q. pyrenaica (E) [33] | 299 | 489 | 11.7 | 5.39 | 0.72 | 806 | 3.97 | 5.11 | 9.13 | 5.91 | 24 | 6.4 | 2.65 | 839 | |
Q. faginea (A) [33] | 340 | 383 | 6.39 | 2.65 | 0.77 | 733 | 3.95 | 8.69 | 5.75 | 3.76 | 22 | 3.09 | 2.1 | 760 | |
Traditional Quercus | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Q. petraea Matts. [33] | 224 | 106 | 6.97 | 4.32 | 0.62 | 342 | 5.07 | 3.91 | 8.15 | 5.94 | 23 | 0.43 | 2.22 | 368 | |
Q. robur L. [33] | 253 | 341 | 9.51 | 4.74 | 1.06 | 609 | 6.32 | 4.29 | 11.4 | 6.81 | 29 | 2.84 | 5.62 | 647 | |
Natural (18 m) | Alternative woods | ||||||||||||||
Castanea sativa (F) [26] | 870 | 5500 | 2490 | 560 | 670 | 10090 | 110 | 10 | 70 | 10 | 200 | 0.25 | ns | 10290 | |
Castanea sativa (G) [26] | 780 | 9100 | 3350 | 560 | 640 | 14430 | 170 | 20 | 100 | 10 | 300 | 0.59 | ns | 14730 | |
Natural (24 m) | Alternative woods | ||||||||||||||
Q. pyrenaica (G) [25] | 296.9 | 117.78 | 3.06 | 8.57 | 5.36 | 431 | 12.96 | 8.41 | 14.2 | 7.91 | 43.48 | ns | ns | 475 | |
Castanea sativa (B) [15] | 588 | 6166 | 7.38 | 7.11 | 10.4 | 6779 | 8.42 | 11.8 | 14 | 20.5 | 54.72 | 1.26 | ns | 6835 | |
Castanea sativa (C) [25] | 325.71 | 590.54 | 15.99 | 74.67 | 6.76 | 1014 | 2.57 | 5.38 | 78.73 | 72.06 | 159 | ns | ns | 1172 | |
Castanea sativa (D) [31] | 208.75 | 7801.88 | 9.58 | nd | ns | 8020 | nd | nd | nd | 11.25 | 11.25 | ns | ns | 8031 | |
Robinia p. (A) [17] | 14.2 | 27.09 | nd | nd | ns | 41 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ns | ns | 41 | |
Robinia p. (B) [31] | 88.33 | 291.04 | 28.54 | nd | ns | 408 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ns | ns | 408 | |
Prunus avium [8] | nd | 1.22 | nd | 2.04 | ns | 3 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2.42 | ns | 6 | |
Prunus cereaus (A) [31] | 193.96 | nd | 21 | 13 | ns | 228 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ns | ns | 228 | |
Fraxinus americana L. [18] | nd | nd | 4.11 | 16.5 | 4.02 | 25 | 10.6 | 18.6 | 20.6 | 23.4 | 73.2 | ns | ns | 98 | |
Fraxinus excelsior L. [18] | nd | nd | 2.44 | 6.04 | 2.89 | 11 | 6.01 | 9.94 | 13.8 | 12 | 41.75 | ns | ns | 53 | |
Traditional Quercus | |||||||||||||||
Q. robur L. [31] | 333.75 | 3767 | 25.63 | 40 | ns | 4166 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ns | ns | 4166 | |
Natural (36 m) | Alternative woods | ||||||||||||||
Q. pyrenaica (E) [3] | 735 | 445 | 15 | 14.2 | 2.0 | 1211 | 7.5 | 2.9 | 21.0 | 15.0 | 46 | ns | 1.9 | 1259.5 | |
Q. faginea (A) [3] | 790 | 582 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 2.4 | 1395 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 13.1 | 6.8 | 26 | ns | 1.4 | 1422.7 | |
Traditional Quercus | |||||||||||||||
Q. petraea Matts. [3] | 328–547 | 285–72 | 12.5–9.6 | 13.9–11.7 | 2.8–2.8 | 858–427 | 11.7–6.4 | 3.4–2.2 | 20.1–12.8 | 13.5–8.6 | 49–30 | ns | 3.7–1.2 | 911–458 | |
Q. robur L. [3] | 736–592 | 243–181 | 17.9–8.6 | 14.8–12.0 | 4.1–2.7 | 940–869 | 10.1–6.2 | 2.7–1.9 | 16.7–8.1 | 10.7–5.6 | 40–26 | ns | 2.8–1.2 | 982–898 | |
Q. alba L. [3] | 746 | 103 | 24.4 | 13.4 | nd | 886.8 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 20.7 | 13.4 | 44.2 | ns | 5.0 | 936 |
Q. pyrenaica Willd. from: (E) Álava; (F) north-west of Spain; (G) Gerês forest of Portugal; (I) Portugal. Castanea sativa Mill. from: (A) Lugo; (B) France; (C) Gerês forest of Portugal; (D) north of Portugal; (E) Portugal; (F) Amarante in northwest of Portugal; (G) Carrazeda in northern Portugal. Prunus avium from: (A) Lugo. Prunus cereaus from: (A) central France (25 months). Q. humboldtti Bonpl. from: (A) Colombia. Quercus: Q. alba L., Q. stellata., Q. lyrata. and Q. bicolor. Q. faginea Lam. from: (A) Álava. Robinia pseudoacacia L. (A) and with 25 months (B). The number superscript in the second column is the reference. m: months; *: total is calculated as the sum of all those presented in the table; ns: not studied; ns**: not studied with HPLC.