Table 4.
Differences between healthy control children, patients with a gluten-free diet in the last 6 months versus less than 6 months on food frequency outcomes.
| Variable | Less than 6 Months on Gluten-Free Diet (n = 17) |
More than 6 Months on Gluten-Free Diet (n = 35) |
Healthy Control Group (n = 36) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food frequency | ||||
| Chicken (s/m) | 9.6 (3.3) | 10.9 (2.2) | 15.8 (2.3) | 0.221 |
| Beef (s/m) | 3.7 (0.71) a | 3.2 (0.47) a | 3.5 (0.47) | 0.802 |
| Pork (s/m) | 4.9 (1.40) | 7.7 (0.94) | 6.5 (0.96) | 0.256 |
| Cured ham (s/m) | 7.1 (2.09) ab | 13.7 (1.40) a | 13.0 (1.40) b | 0.034 |
| Ham (s/m) | 7.1 (2.68) a | 13.6 (1.79) ab | 7.3 (1.81) b | 0.030 |
| Tukey(s/m) | 10.4 (3.27) | 10.3 (2.19) | 8.59 (2.21) | 0.843 |
| Meat derivatives (s/m) | 5.5 (2.81) a | 13.5 (1.88) ab | 7.0 (1.90) b | 0.020 |
| Viscera (s/m) | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.34 (0.13) | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.440 |
| White fish (s/m) | 3.8 (0.9) a | 5.9 (0.7) | 7.3 (0.7) a | 0.025 |
| Blue fish (s/m) | 3.1 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.5) | 5.1 (0.5) | 0.104 |
| Lentils (s/m) | 3.5 (0.87) | 4.3 (0.58) | 3.7 (0.59) | 0.661 |
| Grouped fish and seafood (s/m) | 14.1 (2.86) a | 22.8 (1.89) a | 21.4 (1.88) | 0.044 |
| Grouped red meat and subproducts (s/m) | 28.5 (5.13) a | 52.1 (3.43) a | 37.4 (3.47) | < 0.001 |
| Olive oil (s/m) | 50.1 (10.9) | 61.7 (7.35) | 68.7 (7.43) | 0.407 |
| Nuts (s/m) | 6.46 (6.73) | 9.33 (4.24) | 18.4 (4.33) | 0.232 |
Values shown as mean (standard error); s, servings; m, month; wk, week. Model adjusted for sex, age and body weight. Upper case a,b letters in the same row indicate a significant pairwise difference (p < 0.05) between groups with the same letter. Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparisons was applied to analyze pairwise differences.