Table 4.
Concentrations of cardiometabolic biomarkers according to the clinical cut off serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANESs), 2001–2006 1.
| Variable | Serum 25(OH)D Concentration 2 | p Value 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 nmol/L | 30-<50 nmol/L | 50->75 nmol/L | ≥75 nmol/L | ||
| Waist circumference, cm (n = 12047) 4 | 100 (98, 102) a | 100 (99, 101) a | 96 (95, 97) b | 93 (91, 94) c | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (n = 11694) 5 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg (n = 11697) 6 |
124 (122, 125) 72.4 (71.1, 73.7) a |
123 (122, 123) 71.3 (70.6, 72.1) a |
122 (121, 123) 71.5 (70.8, 72.1) a |
121 (120, 122) 69.8 (68.9, 70.7) b |
0.12 <0.008 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (n = 12172) 7 Serum LDL cholesterol, mg/dL (n = 5292) 8 |
53.7 (52.3, 55.2) a, b 116 (113, 119) |
51.5 (50.7, 52.2) c 117 (114, 119) |
53.2 (52.6, 53.9) a 118 (116, 119) |
55.7 (54.8, 56.7) b 119 (116, 122) |
<0.0001 0.45 |
| Serum fasting triglycerides, mg/dL (n = 5451) 9 | 134 (117, 153) a | 130 (120, 140) a | 115 (110, 120) a,b | 107 (101, 112) b | 0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL (n = 5475) 10 Blood glycohemoglobin, % (n = 12179) 11 Serum insulin, µU/mL (n = 5434) 12 Serum C-peptide, nmol/L (n = 3707) 13 Serum total homocysteine, µmol/L (n = 12170)14 |
100 (98, 103) 5.49 (5.45, 5.54) a 11.4 (10.8, 12.1) a 0.78 (0.74, 0.82) a 8.78 (8.43, 9.15) a |
100 (99, 102) 5.48 (5.44, 5.51) a 10.9 (10.4, 11.5) a 0.76 (0.72, 0.80) a 8.22 (8.06, 8.38) b |
99 (98, 100) 5.44 (5.41, 5.47) a 9.5 (9.2, 9.9) b 0.71 (0.68, 0.74) b 7.87 (7.78, 7.96)c |
97 (96, 99) 5.35 (5.31, 5.39) b 8.9 (8.6, 9.2) b 0.67 (0.66, 0.69) b 7.89 (7.74, 8.04) c |
<0.04 0.0002 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 |
| Serum C-reactive protein, µg/dL (n = 11924) 15 | 222 (205, 241) a | 207 (197, 218) a,b | 191 (184, 198) b | 190 (179, 201) b | <0.003 |
| HOMA-IR (n = 5445) 16 Serum fibrinogen (mg/dL) (n = 1265) 17 VO2 max (mL/kg/min) (n = 2625) 18 |
2.50 (2.25, 2.78) a 368 (348, 388) 33.9 (33.2, 34.7) a |
2.22 (2.05, 2.41) a 2 375 (362, 387) 33.6 (33.0, 34.2) a |
2.08 (1.98, 2.19) b 364 (355, 374) 34.4 (33.9, 34.9) a |
1.76 (1.67, 1.86) c 372 (358, 387) 35.8 (35.1, 36.6) b |
<0.0001 0.06 0.0009 |
1 NHANES 2001–2002, NHANES 2003–2004, and NHANES 2005–2006 were combined into one master database, NHANESs 2001–2006. To convert serum 25(OH)D concentration nmol/L to ng/mL divide by 2.496. 2 Multivariable adjusted serum 25(OH)D concentration means and their 95% confidence intervals. Multiple mean comparisons were made with Bonferroni correction test for those cardiometabolic variables using a family-wise significance level <0.05. Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other within the row if the contrast between two means has p < 0.0083 based on Bonferroni correction for six multiple comparisons (0.05/6). Lack of superscripts indicate non-significance of that cardiometabolic risk variable (in the row) in relation to serum 25(OH)D in the multivariable adjusted regression model. 3 Significance for the effect of serum 25(OH)D in the multivariable adjusted regression. 4 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, physical activity, consumption of supplements, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D and gender; serum 25(OH)D and race-ethnicity; race-ethnicity and gender; gender and alcohol consumption; and physical activity and alcohol consumption. 5 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, season of blood draw, BMI, physical activity, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between age and BMI; age and alcohol consumption; BMI and season of blood draw; and BMI and alcohol consumption. 6 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, and smoking status, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D and gender; and age and BMI. 7 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, poverty income ratio, physical activity, consumption of supplements, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D and gender; serum 25(OH)D and BMI; age and race-ethnicity; age and BMI; and smoking status and alcohol consumption. 8 Data were adjusted for age, gender, season of blood draw, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interaction between age and gender. 9 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, physical activity, and smoking, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D and age; serum 25(OH)D and race-ethnicity; serum 25(OH)D and BMI; age and gender; and age and BMI. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed concentrations. 10 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, season of blood draw, and consumption of supplements, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D and age; and age and BMI. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed values. 11 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, season of blood draw, physical activity, consumption of supplements, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D and season of blood draw; age and race-ethnicity; age and alcohol consumption; gender and physical activity; and race-ethnicity and season of blood draw. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed values. 12 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, physical activity, consumption of supplements, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between age and gender; age and BMI; gender and BMI; BMI and consumption of supplements; and race and alcohol consumption. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed values. 13 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, season of blood draw, physical activity, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between age and BMI; gender and race-ethnicity; and BMI and alcohol consumption. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed values. 14 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, poverty income ratio, season of blood draw, physical activity, consumption of supplements, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D concentration and race; serum 25(OH)D and alcohol consumption, age and gender; age and poverty income ratio, age and smoking status; gender and race-ethnicity; and gender and smoking status. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed values. 15 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, physical activity, and smoking status, as well as for interactions between age and BMI; gender and BMI; gender and smoking status; and BMI and physical activity. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed values. 16 Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance: Fasting insulin (µU/mL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/405. Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, physical activity, consumption of supplements, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interactions between serum 25(OH)D concentration and age; age and BMI; gender and race-ethnicity; and race-ethnicity and BMI. Data analysis was performed on natural logarithmic transformed values. 17 Data were adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interaction between gender and alcohol consumption, and race-ethnicity and alcohol consumption. 18 Data were adjusted for age, gender, physical activity, and alcohol consumption, as well as for interaction between serum 25(OH)D concentration and gender.