Table 2.
Food consumption (gram/day) assessed by food frequency questionnaires among study participants with and without NAFLD.
| Without NAFLD, n = 64 (Liver Fat Content <5%) |
With NAFLD, n = 72 (Liver Fat Content ≥5%) |
All, n = 136 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whole grain bread | 27.7 ± 23.7 | 26.8 ± 22.9 | 27.2 ± 23.1 |
| Other bread | 111.5 ± 82.2 | 105.0 ± 71.9 | 108.0 ± 76.7 |
| Grain flakes, grains, muesli | 8.8 ± 11.0 | 11.0 ± 13.7 | 9.9 ± 13.0 |
| Pasta, rice | 69.9 ± 48.7 | 71.4 ± 48.4 | 70.7 ± 48.4 |
| Vegetarian dishes | 13.7 ± 19.6 | 12.6 ± 12.4 | 13.1 ± 16.2 |
| Chips | 5.4 ± 6.3 | 7.0 ± 8.6 | 6.3 ± 7.6 |
| Cake and cookies | 60.9 ± 46.1 | 43.4 ± 31.3 | 51.6 ± 39.8 |
| Confectionary | 20.2 ± 19.0 | 21.0 ± 15.9 | 20.6 ± 17.4 |
| Sweet bread spreads | 13.8 ± 19.9 | 18.0 ± 23.7 | 16.0 ± 22.1 |
| Eggs | 12.2 ± 9.4 | 12.3 ± 9.8 | 12.3 ± 9.6 |
| Fresh fruits | 155.4 ± 121.0 | 126.0 ± 90.0 | 139.8 ± 106.3 |
| Canned fruits | 8.3 ± 24.5 | 5.4 ± 8.8 | 6.8 ± 18.0 |
| Raw vegetables | 84.4 ± 68.3 | 62.7 ± 47.1 | 72.9 ± 58.8 |
| Cabbage | 8.9 ± 9.9 | 10.7 ± 11.5 | 9.9 ± 10.8 |
| Cooked vegetables | 20.3 ± 17.0 | 20.8 ± 16.6 | 20.6 ± 16.7 |
| Mushrooms | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 1.7 ± 1.9 |
| Legumes | 5.0 ± 4.9 | 5.0 ± 6.7 | 5.0 ± 5.9 |
| Potatoes | 39.4 ± 26.8 | 30.9 ± 22.3 | 34.9 ± 24.8 |
| Fried potatoes | 21.4 ± 22.0 | 22.2 ± 17.5 | 21.8 ± 19.7 |
| Nuts | 2.5 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 4.7 | 3.2 ± 4.0 |
| Low-fat dairy products | 106.5 ± 165.4 | 76.9 ± 96.7 | 90.8 ± 133.8 |
| High-fat dairy products | 46.6 ± 85.4 | 54.8 ± 81.0 | 50.1 ± 82.9 |
| Low-fat cheese | 4.0 ± 6.9 | 2.9 ± 9.4 | 3.4 ± 8.3 |
| High-fat cheese | 21.5 ± 20.1 | 23.3 ± 17.5 | 22.5 ± 18.7 |
| Water | 1080.9 ± 653.9 | 1081.4 ± 660.0 | 1081.2 ± 654.7 |
| Coffee | 451.2 ± 312.9 | 423.7 ± 312.9 | 436.7 ± 312.1 |
| Decaffeinated coffee | 13.8 ± 67.9 | 12.5 ± 67.1 | 13.1 ± 67.2 |
| Tea | 222.2 ± 330.1 | 234.5 ± 354.6 | 228.7 ± 342.1 |
| Fruit juice | 139.7 ± 237.4 | 126.4 ± 172.9 | 132.7 ± 206.1 |
| Low-energy soft drinks | 127.6 ± 418.0 | 105.7 ± 249.3 | 116.0 ± 338.1 |
| High-energy soft drinks | 78.5 ± 289.2 | 61.5 ± 110.9 | 69.5 ± 213.4 |
| Beer | 144.7 ± 272.6 | 289.8 ± 497.8 | 221.5 ± 412.6 |
| Wine | 133.3 ± 200.3 | 149.5 ± 231.3 | 142.9 ± 216.6 |
| Spirits | 1.1 ± 2.9 | 2.2 ± 4.3 | 1.7 ± 3.7 |
| Other alcoholic beverages | 39.8 ± 42.6 | 39.1 ± 54.9 | 39.4 ± 49.3 |
| Butter | 14.1 ± 15.5 | 13.4 ± 11.4 | 13.7 ± 13.4 |
| Margarine | 5.7 ± 9.9 | 6.1 ± 10.8 | 6.0 ± 10.4 |
| Other vegetable fat | 11.9 ± 9.4 | 9.6 ± 9.8 | 10.7 ± 9.6 |
| Other fat | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 1.8 | 0.6 ± 1.5 |
| Sauce | 62.5 ± 36.9 | 61.8 ± 32.5 | 62.1 ± 34.5 |
| Desserts | 28.8 ± 34.1 | 32.9 ± 42.7 | 31.0 ± 38.8 |
| Fish | 15.7 ± 12.6 | 18.8 ± 15.3 | 17.3 ± 14.2 |
| Poultry | 20.6 ± 21.2 | 25.3 ± 23.9 | 23.1 ± 22.7 |
| Meat | 49.3 ± 39.5 | 55.1 ± 47.9 | 52.4 ± 44.1 |
| Processed meat | 35.8 ± 31.0 | 48.4 ± 37.3 | 42.5 ± 34.9 |
| Soup | 53.9 ± 41.7 | 59.3 ± 57.6 | 56.8 ± 50.6 |
| Other | 119.6 ± 58.8 | 111.2 ± 32.9 | 115.2 ± 46.9 |
Values shown as the arithmetic mean ± SD; the group ‘Other’ includes all food items which could not be assigned to one of the shown food groups.