. 2020 Mar 3;10(3):21. doi: 10.3390/bios10030021

Table 1.

Fluorescent aptasensors for the detection of antimicrobial residues in food products.

Detection Technique	Antimicrobial Family	Analyte	Food Product	Fluorophore/Quencher or Intercalating Dye * or Signal Labels	Limit of detection (LOD) (nM or ng/mL)	References
FRET	AMGL	Kanamycin	Milk	CDs/AuNPs	18 nM (10.5 ng/mL)	[72]
FRET		Kanamycin	Milk	CDs/l-MoS₂ NSs	1.1 μM (640.9 ng/mL)	[73]
FRET		Kanamycin	Milk	FAM/rGO	1 pM (0.583 pg/mL)	[42]
FRET		Kanamycin	Milk	FAM/AuNPs (+ exonuclease III)	321 pM (0.19 ng/mL)	[74]
FRET		Kanamycin	Milk	BHQ1/GO QDs	6 pg/mL	[75]
FRET		Kanamycin	Milk	FAM/AuNPs	0.3 nM (0.175 ng/mL)	[76]
FRET		Neomycin B	Milk	FAM/AuNPs	0.01 μM (6.15 ng/mL)	[77]
FRET	BL	Benzylpenicillin	Milk	FAM/rGO	9.2 nM (3.1 ng/mL)	[78]
FRET	PHENI	CAP	Honey	FAM/BHQ1	1.2 nM (0.39 ng/mL)	[79]
FRET		CAP	Milk	FAM/BHQ1	0.70 ng/mL	[80]
FRET		CAP	Honey	FAM/BHQ1	0.285 pg/mL	[81]
FRET		CAP	Milk	DSAC₂N/GO	1.26 pg/mL	[82]
FRET		CAP	Milk	CdTe QDs/GO	0.2 ng/mL	[83]
FRET		CAP	Milk, shrimp	FAM/ZrP MOF (PCN-222)	0.08 pg/mL	[84]
FRET		CAP	Milk, fish	SYBR Green I/Cu-TCPP MOFs NSs	0.3 pg/mL	[85]
FRET		CAP	Milk	QDs/AuNPs	3 pg/mL	[86]
FRET		CAP	Milk	QDs/AuNPs	0.3 pM (0.097 pg/mL)	[87]
FRET		Florfenicol	Milk	ATTO 647N/GO	5.75 nM (2.06 ng/mL)	[58]
FRET	QUINO	Ofloxacin	Milk	RB/AuNPs	4.61 nM (1.66 ng/mL)	[88]
FRET	QUINO	Enrofloxacin	Milk	Enrofloxacin/GO	3.7 nM (1.33 ng/mL)	[89]
FRET	TETRA	OTC	Milk	FAM/BHQ1	6.44 nM (2.96 ng/mL)	[90]
FRET	SULFA	SDMX	Milk	FAM/CPNBs	10 ng/mL	[91]
FRET	MULTI	SDMX, kanamycin, ampicillin	Milk	Apt1-Cy3, Apt2-FAM, Apt3-Cy5/GO (+ DNase I)	1.997, 2.664, 2.337 ng/mL	[47]
Fluorescence	AMGL	Kanamycin	Milk	TO *	59 nM (34.4 ng/mL)	[92]
Fluorescence		Kanamycin	Milk	Thioflavin T + Apt + cDNA1 + cDNA2	0.33 nM (0.19 ng/mL)	[93]
Fluorescence		Streptomycin	Milk	SYBR Gold dye * (+ exonuclease III)	54.5 nM (31.7 ng/mL)	[94]
Fluorescence		Streptomycin	Milk	QDs (self-quenching)	0.03 ng/mL	[95]
Fluorescence	PHENI	CAP	Milk, fish	SYBR green *	0.033 pg/mL	[96]
Fluorescence		CAP	Fish	SSB/DIL-Lip vesicle	1 pM (0.32 pg/mL)	[97]
Fluorescence		CAP	Milk	BSA-AuNCs/CAP	33 nM (10.7 ng/mL)	[98]
Fluorescence		CAP	Milk	Apt- Fe₃O₄ MNPs + cDNA-UCNPs	0.01 ng/mL	[99]
Fluorescence	TETRA	OTC	Milk	Apt- Fe₃O₄ MNPs + cDNA-UCNPs	0.036 ng/mL	[100]
Fluorescence		Tetracycline	Milk	TO *	29 ng/mL	[101]
Fluorescence		Tetracycline	Milk, pork meat	UCNPs (+ Fe₃O₄ MNPs)	0.0062 ng/mL	[102]
Fluorescence		TTC, CTC, OTC, doxycycline	Milk	NMM + Apt + cDNA1 + cDNA2	4.6 ng/mL	[103]
Fluorescence	SULFA	Sulfadimethoxine	Fish	MNPs-Apt + NaYF4: Yb, Tm UCNPs-cDNA	0.11 ng/mL	[104]
Fluorescence	MULTI	CAP, kanamycin	Milk, fish	SYBR gold *	0.52 pg/mL, 0.41 pg/mL	[46]
Fluorescence	MULTI	OTC, kanamycin	Pig muscle, milk, honey	Apt-MNPs + cDNA1-FAM + cDNA2-ROX	0.85 ng/mL, 0.92 ng/mL	[105]
FPIA	PHENI	CAP	Honey	FAM/GO/Streptavidin	0.5 pM (0.162 pg/mL)	[106]
FALIA	AMGL	Kanamycin	Milk	CNPs-Apt	5.10⁻⁸ ng/mL	[107]
SPEET + fluorescence	AMGL	Kanamycin	Milk	AuNPs-Apt + AgNCs	1 nM (0.58 ng/mL)	[108]

AgNCs, silver nanoclusters; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; AMGL, aminoglycosides; Apt-MNPs, aptamer-modified magnetic nanoparticles; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; BHQ1, black hole quencher 1; BL, beta-lactams; BSA-AuNCs, bovine serum albumin-stabilized Au nanoclusters; CAP, chloramphenicol; CDs, carbon dots; CdTe QDs, cadmium telluride quantum dots; CPNBs, coordination polymer nanobelts; CTC, chlortetracycline; Cu-TCPP, copper-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin; Cy, cyanine; DSAC₂N, 9,10-bis{4-[2-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-ethoxy]-styrene}anthracene dibromide; FALIA, fluorescence-based aptamer-linked immunosorbent assay; FAM, fluorescein amidite or carboxyfluorescein; Fe₃O₄, Magnetite; FPIA, fluorescence polarization immunoassay; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; GO, graphene oxide; l-MoS₂ NSs, layered MoS₂ nanosheets; MNPs, magnetic nanoparticles; MOFs, metal-organic frameworks; MULTI, multiplex; NMM, N-methylmesoporphyrin IX; OTC, oxytetracycline; PHENI, phenicolated; QUINO, quinolones; RB, rhodamine B; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; ROX, carboxy-X-rhodamine; SDMX, sulfadimethoxine; SSB, single-stranded DNA binding protein; SDMX, sulfadimethoxine; SULFA, sulfonamides; SSB/DIL-Lip, SSB and DIL(1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanineper-chlorate) coimmobilized liposomes; TETRA, tetracyclines; TO, thiazole orange; TTC: tetracycline; UCNPs, upconversion nanoparticles; ZrP, zirconium-porphyrin.