Table 2.

Colorimetric aptasensors for the detection of antimicrobial residues in food products.

Labeled or Label Free Detection	Antimicrobial Family	Analyte	Food Product	Detection Principle	Limit of detection (LOD) (ng/mL or nM)	References
Labeled	AMGL	Kanamycin	Milk	Apt-MBs + NMOF-Pt-sDNA	0.2 pg/mL	[122]
Label-free		Kanamycin	Milk	Hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme	14.7 pM (8.6 pg/mL)	[123]
Label-free		Kanamycin	Milk, meat	Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of AuNPs	0.1 nM (58.2 pg/mL)	[124]
Labeled		Streptomycin	Milk	Apt-Au-PV	1 pg/mL	[121]
Label-free		Streptomycin	Milk	Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of AuNPs	86 nM (50 ng/mL)	[125]
Labeled		Streptomycin	Milk, honey	AuNPs aggregation + Apt	100, 125 nM (58.2, 72.7 ng/mL)	[126]
Label-free		Tobramycin	Milk and chicken eggs	AuNPs aggregation + Apt + NaCl	23.3 nM (10.9 ng/mL)	[127]
Label-free	DYES	Malachite green	Fish	AuNPs aggregation + Apt + NaCl	15.95 nM (5.82 ng/mL)	[128]
Labeled	MULTI	OTC, kanamycin	Milk	HRP-AuNPs	1 ag/mL	[119]
Label-free		CAP, tetracycline	Chicken meat, milk	AuNPs aggregation + Apt	32.9 nM, 7.0 nM (10.6 ng/mL, 3.11 ng/mL)	[50]
Labeled	PHENI	CAP	Honey, fish	Aptamer-HRP	0.0031ng/mL	[44]
Labeled		CAP	Milk	Au MNPs-SSB + Apt-SiO2@Au-HRP	0.02 ng/mL	[129]
Labeled		CAP	Fish	Au MNPs-Apt-SSB + ds-DNA Ab/EV-AuNPs-HRP	0.015 ng/mL	[120]
Labeled		CAP	Milk	3 HRP-mimicking DNAzymes: Fe-MIL-88 (MOFs)-Pt NPs-sDNA	0.03 pM (0.0097 pg/mL)	[130]
Labeled		CAP	Milk powder	Hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme-Au NPs	0.13 pg/mL	[131]
Label-free		CAP	Milk	AuNPs aggregation + Apt	0.03 nM (0.0097 ng/mL)	[132]
Label-free	SULFA	SDMX	Raw milk, honey, egg	LCs	10 ng/mL	[133]
Labeled (dc-ELAA)	TETRA	OTC	Chicken muscle, milk, honey	Aptamer + OTC-HRP	0.88 ng/mL	[134]
Labeled (ic-ELAA)		OTC	Milk	Aptamer-HRP	12.3 ng/mL	[135]
Labeled (dc-ELAA)		Tetracycline	Honey	Aptamer + TTC-HRP	0.0978 ng/mL	[136]
Labeled (ic-ELAA)		Tetracycline	Honey	Aptamer-HRP	9.6 × 10−3 ng/mL	[137]
Label-free		Tetracycline	Milk	Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of AuNCs	46 nM (20.4 ng/mL)	[138]
Label-free		Tetracycline	Milk	CS-AuNPs aggregation+ Apt	39 ng/mL	[139]
Label-free		Tetracycline	Milk	AuNPs aggregation + Apt	266 pM (0.12 ng/mL)	[140]
Label-free		Tetracycline	Milk	AuNPs aggregation + Apt + PDADMAC	1 μM (444.4 ng/mL) (naked eyes), 45.8 nM (20.4 ng/mL) (detector)	[141]
Dual colorimetric (Label free) and fluorescence (Labeled)	AMGL	Streptomycin	Milk	AuNPs aggregation + Apt	73.1 nM (42.5 ng/mL) (colorimetric) and 47.6 nM (27.7 ng/mL) (fluorescence)	[142]
Dual colorimetric and fluorescenceLabel-free	BL	Ampicillin	Milk	AuNPs aggregation + FAM-Apt	10 ng/mL (colorimetric) and 2 ng/mL (fluorescence)	[143]

AMGL: aminoglycosides; Apt-Au-PV, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) aptamer (Apt) co-immobilized on PV (PowerVision™); Apt-SiO₂@Au-HRP, horseradish peroxidase on the core-shell SiO₂@Au nanoparticles; AuNCs, gold nanoclusters; Au NPs-SSB, labeling SSB on gold magnetic particles; Apt-SiO₂@Au-HRP, core-shell SiO₂@Au nanoparticles; BL, beta-lactams; CAP, chloramphenicol; CS-AuNPs, cysteamine-stabilized gold nanoparticles; dc-ELAA, direct competitive enzyme-linked aptamer assay; ELAA, enzyme-linked aptamer assay; FAM-Apt, 5′-fluorescein amidite-modified aptamer; Fe-MIL-88-Pt-DNAzyme, MIL-88, platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs), and single-strand DNAzyme (Hemin/G-quadruplex); HRP-AuNPs, horseradish peroxidase modified AuNPs; ic-ELAA, indirect competitive enzyme-linked aptamer assay; LCs, liquid crystals; MULTI, multiplex; NMOF-Pt-sDNA, signal labeled nano metal-organic frameworks-platinum nanoparticles; OTC, oxytetracycline; PDADMAC, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride); PHENI, phenicolated; SULFA, sulfonamides; TETRA, tetracyclines; TTC, tetracycline.