Table 1.
Baseline characteristic of participants by quartiles of total polyphenol intake.
| Q1 (<623, 3 mg/d) | Q2 (623.4–799.4 mg/d) | Q3 (799.5–1019.2 mg/d) | Q4 (>1019.3 mg/d) |
p | p for Linear Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1658 | 1658 | 1660 | 1657 | ||
| Age, years | 65.2 ± 4.90 | 64.8 ± 4.87 | 65.0 ± 4.87 | 64.9 ± 4.98 | 0.10 | 0.19 |
| Women, n (%) | 894 (53.9) | 845 (51.0) | 785 (47.3) | 685 (41.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Family history of CVD 1, n (%) | 659 (39.7) | 698 (42.1) | 662 (39.9) | 678 (40.9) | 0.48 | 0.81 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 197 (11.9) | 205 (12.4) | 203 (12.2) | 216 (13.0) | 0.78 | 0.36 |
| Former smokers, n (%) | 647 (39.0) | 695 (41.9) | 728 (43.9) | 800 (48.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.6 ± 3.46 | 32.6 ± 3.49 | 32.6 ± 3.51 | 32.3 ± 3.31 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 107.0 ± 9.76 | 107.4 ± 9.70 | 107.8 ± 9.75 | 107.8 ± 9.36 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| Body weight, kg | 85.2 ± 12.8 | 86.2 ± 12.8 | 87.3 ± 13.3 | 87.5 ± 12.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 113.4 ± 28.9 | 113.9 ± 31.0 | 113.9 ± 29.0 | 113.0 ± 27.6 | 0.78 | 0.71 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 6.10 ± 0.88 | 6.22 ± 2.58 | 6.25 ± 3.53 | 6.10 ± 0.88 | 0.15 | 0.85 |
| Total-cholesterol, mg/dL | 196 ± 38.4 | 197 ± 37.7 | 196 ± 37.0 | 198 ± 42.8 | 0.59 | 0.57 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 47.6 ± 11.5 | 48.2 ± 11.7 | 48.7 ± 12.2 | 47.9 ± 11.9 | 0.06 | 0.32 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Antihypertensive agents | 1272 (76.7) | 1285 (77.5) | 1294 (77.9) | 1304 (78.7) | 0.48 | 0.46 |
| Colesterol-lowering agents | 862 (52.0) | 846 (51.0) | 858 (51.7) | 842 (50.8) | 0.97 | 0.52 |
| Insulin | 84 (5.07) | 98 (5.91) | 67 (4.04) | 63 (3.80) | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Metformin | 380 (22.9) | 404 (24.4) | 383 (23.1) | 347 (20.9) | 0.13 | 0.12 |
| Other hypoglycemic drugs | 324 (19.5) | 331 (20.0) | 327 (19.7) | 303 (18.3) | 0.62 | 0.35 |
| Aspirin or antiplatelet drugs | 246 (14.8) | 272 (16.4) | 249 (15.0) | 271 (16.3) | 0.26 | 0.61 |
| NSAIDS | 534 (32.2) | 469 (28.3) | 484 (29.2) | 446 (26.9) | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Vitamins and minerals | 210 (12.7) | 184 (11.1) | 220 (13.3) | 183 (11.0) | 0.19 | 0.11 |
| Sedative or tranquilliser agents | 417 (25.1) | 416 (25.1) | 389 (23.4) | 392 (23.7) | 0.85 | 0.31 |
| Hormonal treatment (only women) | 42 (2.53) | 41 (2.47) | 33 (1.99) | 38 (2.29) | 0.924 | 0.935 |
| Educational level, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary school | 887 (53.6) | 854 (51.5) | 805 (48.5) | 719 (43.4) | ||
| Secondary school | 468 (28.3) | 467 (28.2) | 497 (30.0) | 481 (29.0) | ||
| University and other studies | 301 (18.2) | 337 (20.3) | 356 (21.5) | 456 (27.5) | ||
1 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Continue variables are expressed as mean (± SD). Categorical variables are expressed as number (n) and percentage (%). Comparisons among quartiles of dietary polyphenol intake with Pearson’s chi square test for categorical variables or one-way ANOVA for continuous variables. For glycated hemoglobine parameter, 9% of participants had no values available. The P value for linear trend was computed by fitting a continuous variable that assigned the median value for each quartile in regression models.