Table 3.
Associations between the quintile (Q) of VAI scores and blood pressure in the 2009 CHNS. (n = 8394).
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP | |||||
| Total | |||||
| β (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 3.296 (2.161, 4.431) | 5.742 (4.607, 6.878) | 9.632 (8.496, 10.767) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 2 | Ref | 2.364 (1.353, 3.375) | 4.047 (3.033, 5.062) | 7.642 (6.627, 8.658) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 3 | Ref | 1.863 (0.890, 2.835) | 3.461 (2.484, 5.085) | 5.963 (4.977, 6.949) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 4 | Ref | 1.663 (0.693, 2.634) | 2.974 (1.993, 3.955) | 5.197 (4.196, 6.199) | <0.001 |
| Male | |||||
| β (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 0.341 (-1.212, 1.894) | 1.775 (0.222, 3.329) | 4.335 (2.781, 5.888) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 5 | Ref | 0.928 (-0.492, 2.347) | 2.513 (1.087, 3.938) | 5.561 (4.132, 6.989) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 6 | Ref | 0.563 (-0.814, 1.941) | 1.879 (0.493, 3.265) | 4.258 (2.858, 5.658) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 7 | Ref | 0.320 (-1.053, 1.639) | 1.302 (-0.090, 2.694) | 3.315 (1.889, 4.740) | <0.001 |
| Female | |||||
| β (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 5.879 (4.260, 7.498) | 9.207 (7.588, 10.826) | 14.257 (12.637, 15.877) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 5 | Ref | 3.125 (1.690, 6.107) | 4.659 (3.212, 6.107) | 8.512 (7.051, 9.974) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 6 | Ref | 2.533 (1.163, 3.902) | 4.221 (2.839, 5.603) | 6.627 (5.221, 8.033) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 7 | Ref | 2.430 (1.063, 3.798) | 3.922 (2.536, 5.308) | 6.157 (4.737, 7.577) | <0.001 |
| DBP | |||||
| Total | |||||
| β (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 1.708 (1.032, 2.384) | 3.134 (2.457, 3.810) | 5.927 (5.251, 6.604) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 2 | Ref | 1.448 (0.795, 2.100) | 2.612 (1.958, 3.267) | 5.345 (4.690, 6.000) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 3 | Ref | 1.261 (0.623, 1.899) | 2.348 (1.707, 2.989) | 4.579 (3.931, 5.226) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 4 | Ref | 1.105 (0.469, 1.740) | 1.966 (1.323, 2.609) | 3.978 (3.321, 4.634) | <0.001 |
| Male | |||||
| β (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 0.881 (-0.904, 1.855) | 2.268 (1.293, 3.243) | 4.520 (3.545, 5.495) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 5 | Ref | 1.036 (0.075, 1.997) | 2.441 (1.476, 3.406) | 4.858 (3.891, 5.825) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 6 | Ref | 0.978 (0.039, 1.918) | 2.270 (1.324, 3.216) | 4.270 (3.315, 5.226) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 7 | Ref | 0.784 (-0.151, 1.719) | 1.809 (0.861, 2.757) | 3.516 (2.546, 4.487) | <0.001 |
| Female | |||||
| β (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 2.433 (1.512, 3.354) | 3.892 (2.971, 4.814) | 7.156 (6.235, 8.078) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 5 | Ref | 1.584 (-0.270, 1.347) | 2.429 (1.528, 3.330) | 5.324 (4.414, 6.234) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 6 | Ref | 1.277 (0.403, 2.151) | 2.104 (1.222, 2.986) | 4.435 (3.538, 5.332) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) 7 | Ref | 1.193 (0.321, 2.065) | 1.859 (0.975, 2.742) | 4.409 (3.144, 4.954) | <0.001 |
Q, quintile; VAI, visceral adiposity index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; MET-h, metabolic equivalent-hour; TC, total cholesterol. 1Model 1: original model without any adjustments; 2Model 2: adjusted for countryside, age, gender, nationality (Han or others), education (middle school or below, high school, or college or above); 3Model 3: adjusted as for model 2 plus smoking status (current or not current), alcohol consumption (yes or no), physical activity (unknown, 0.0–46.0, 46.1–97.8, 97.9–187.9, or ≥188.0 MET-h/week), antihypertensive medication (yes or no), total energy intake, and salt intake; 4Model 4: adjusted as for model 3 plus TC; 5Model 5: adjusted as for model 2 minus gender; 6Model 6: adjusted as for model 3 minus gender; 7Model 7: adjusted as for model 4 minus gender.