Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (and 95% CIs) of hypertension according to quintile (Q) of VAI scores in the 2009 CHNS (n = 8394).
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | |||||
| OR (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 1.460 (1.266, 1.683) | 1.827 (1.588, 2.101) | 2.903 (2.533, 3.327) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 2 | Ref | 1.457 (1.248, 1.700) | 1.749 (1.502, 2.036) | 2.944 (2.537, 3.417) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 3 | Ref | 1.331 (1.121, 1.581) | 1.614 (1.362, 1.911) | 2.454 (2.076, 2.901) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 4 | Ref | 1.308 (1.101, 1.554) | 1.546 (1.304, 1.834) | 2.299 (1.939, 2.726) | <0.001 |
| Male | |||||
| OR (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 1.078 (0.886, 1.311) | 1.293 (1.066, 1.567) | 1.910 (1.582, 2.306) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 5 | Ref | 1.175 (0.953, 1.447) | 1.472 (1.197, 1.811) | 2.439 (1.988, 2.994) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 6 | Ref | 1.094 (0.871, 1.373) | 1.321 (1.052, 1.658) | 2.036 (1.625, 2.550) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 7 | Ref | 1.067 (0.849, 1.340) | 1.245 (0.989, 1.566) | 1.849 (1.467, 2.329) | <0.001 |
| Female | |||||
| OR (95% CI) 1 | Ref | 2.091 (1.688, 2.591) | 2.724 (2.209, 3.359) | 4.616 (3.761, 5.666) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 5 | Ref | 1.781 (1.409, 2.252) | 2.004 (1.593, 2.521) | 3.350 (2.694, 4.221) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 6 | Ref | 1.640 (1.253, 2.146) | 1.925 (1.481, 2.502) | 2.847 (2.198, 3.689) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) 7 | Ref | 1.631 (1.247, 2.135) | 1.896 (1.457, 2.467) | 2.781 (2.141, 3.612) | <0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; Q, quintile; VAI, visceral adiposity index; CHNS, the China Health and Nutrition Survey; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference; MET-h, metabolic equivalent-hour; TC, total cholesterol. 1Model 1: original model without any adjustments; 2Model 2: adjusted for countryside, age, gender, nationality (Han or others), education (middle school or below, high school, or college or above); 3Model 3: adjusted as for model 2 plus smoking status (current or not current), alcohol consumption (yes or no), physical activity (unknown, 0.0–46.0, 46.1–97.8, 97.9–187.9, or ≥ 188.0 MET-h/week), antihypertensive medication (yes or no), total energy intake, and salt intake; 4Model 4: adjusted as for model 3 plus TC; 5Model 5: adjusted as for model 2 minus gender; 6Model 6: adjusted as for model 3 minus gender; 7Model 7: adjusted as for model 4 minus gender.