Table 4.
Effect of peonidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, vanillic acid and methyl-gallic acid on the levels of VEGF.
| Anthocyanins | Gut Metabolites | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concentrations | Peo-3-glc | Pet-3-glc | Concentrations | VA | MetGA |
| TNF-α 0 ng mL−1 | 120 ± 6.9 a | 121 ± 6.1 a | TNF-α 0 ng mL−1 | 120 ± 6.9 a | 121 ± 6.1 a |
| TNF-α 100 ng mL−1 | 170 ± 8.5 b | 172 ± 7.9 b | TNF-α 100 ng mL−1 | 170 ± 8.5 b | 172 ± 7.9 b |
| 0.02 µM | 120 ± 6.9 a | 129 ± 10 a | 0.05 µM | 149 ± 3.0 c | 153 ± 2.5 c |
| 0.2 µM | 123 ± 1.7 a | 123 ± 7.4 a | 0.5 µM | 141 ± 8.3 c | 142 ± 3.0 c |
| 2 µM | 123 ± 6.0 a | 123 ± 2.9 a | 5 µM | 147 ± 4.9 c | 141 ± 4.9 c |
| 20 µM | 119 ± 2.6 a | 117 ± 9.9 a | 50 µM | 135 ± 5.7 c | 137 ± 6.0 c |
Results derived from three independent experiments. Peo-3-glc, Pet-3-glc, VA and MetGA were tested in the presence of TNF-α stimulus. Each concentration was tested in triplicate. Data are reported as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). a,b,c Data with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).