Table 1.
Estimates of effect of the interventions and outcomes.
| Outcomes | MD | RR | 95% CI | n | No. of Studies | GRADE | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breastfeeding Education Interventions | |||||||
| Early initiation of breastfeeding | 1.20 | 1.12 to 1.28 | 84092 | 14 | LOW | <0.001 | |
| EBF @ 3 months | 2.02 | 1.88 to 2.17 | 4063 | 6 | VERY-LOW | <0.001 | |
| EBF @ 6 months | 1.53 | 1.47 to 1.58 | 13926 | 19 | VERY-LOW | <0.001 | |
| HAZ | 0.10 | −0.04 to 0.25 | 5620 | 6 | - | 0.17 | |
| WAZ | −0.04 | −0.12 to 0.05 | 4565 | 3 | - | 0.42 | |
| WHZ | 0.01 | −0.07 to 0.09 | 4514 | 3 | - | 0.83 | |
| stunting | 1.00 | 0.88 to 1.14 | 6518 | 6 | - | 0.99 | |
| Underweight | 1.31 | 0.79 to 2.16 | 3448 | 3 | - | 0.30 | |
| WAWasting | 0.94 | 0.86 to 1.03 | 3925 | 2 | - | 0.19 | |
| Neonatal mortality (%) | 1.10 | 0.90 to 1.24 | 22752 | 2 | - | 0.35 | |
| Infant mortality (%) | 0.86 | 0.73 to 1.02 | 35943 | 2 | - | 0.08 | |
| Diarrheal disease | 0.76 | 0.67 to 0.85 | 4585 | 8 | - | <0.001 | |
| Incidence of infection | 1.96 | 0.65 to 5.93 | 1831 | 3 | - | 0.23 | |
| Complementary Feeding Education—Food Secure Settings | |||||||
| WAZ | 0.41 | 0.07 to 0.75 | 1562 | F4 | HIGH | 0.02 | |
| HAZ | 0.29 | 0.04 to 0.54 | 1560 | 4 | MODERATE | 0.03 | |
| WHZ | 0.22 | −0.03 to 0.47 | 1065 | 3 | MODERATE | 0.08 | |
| Stunting | 0.50 | 0.18 to 1.40 | 1006 | 3 | LOW | 0.19 | |
| Wasting | 0.19 | 0.03 to 1.18 | 665 | 2 | MODERATE | 0.07 | |
| Weight gain (kg) | 0.12 | −0.12 to 0.37 | 894 | 2 | MODERATE | 0.33 | |
| Height gain (cm) | 0.33 | −0.46 to 1.12 | 894 | 2 | LOW | 0.42 | |
| Complementary Feeding Education—Food Insecure Settings | |||||||
| WAZ | 0.47 | 0.35 to 0.59 | 572 | 1 | LOW | <0.001 | |
| HAZ | 0.25 | 0.09 to 0.41 | 572 | 1 | HIGH | 0.002 | |
| WHZ | 0.50 | 0.35 to 0.65 | 572 | 1 | HIGH | <0.001 | |
| Stunting | 0.65 | 0.42 to 1.01 | 1476 | 3 | LOW | 0.05 | |
| Wasting | 1.05 | 0.15 to 7.26 | 178 | 1 | MODERATE | 0.07 | |
| Weight gain (kg) | 0.01 | −0.07 to 0.08 | 1213 | 2 | LOW | 0.33 | |
| Height gain (cm) | −0.09 | −0.30 to 0.12 | 1214 | 2 | LOW | 0.42 | |
| Complementary Feed Provision Interventions—Food Secure Settings | |||||||
| WAZ | −0.09 | −0.34 to 0.16 | 172 | 1 | LOW | 0.48 | |
| HAZ | −0.12 | −0.46 to 0.22 | 172 | 1 | LOW | 0.49 | |
| WHZ | −0.03 | −0.28 to 0.22 | 172 | 1 | LOW | 0.81 | |
| Stunting | 0.47 | 0.37 to 0.59 | 2896 | 1 | HIGH | <0.001 | |
| Weight gain (kg) | −0.01 | −0.24 to 0.22 | 172 | 1 | LOW | 0.93 | |
| Height gain (cm) | −0.23 | −1.11 to 0.65 | 172 | 1 | LOW | 0.61 | |
| Complementary Feed Provision Interventions—Food Insecure Settings | |||||||
| WAZ | 0.34 | −0.35 to 1.03 | 3570 | 10 | VERY-LOW | 0.33 | |
| HAZ | 0.14 | 0.04 to 0.24 | 8996 | 12 | LOW | 0.005 | |
| WHZ | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.03 | 8197 | 10 | LOW | 0.27 | |
| Stunting | 0.64 | 0.44 to 0.92 | 7894 | 7 | LOW | 0.02 | |
| Wasting | 0.87 | 0.74 to 1.01 | 7081 | 6 | MODERATE | 0.07 | |
| Weight gain (kg) | 0.62 | −0.02 to 1.26 | 986 | 3 | VERY-LOW | 0.06 | |
| Height gain (cm) | 0.17 | −0.11 to 0.44 | 924 | 3 | MODERATE | 0.24 | |
| Supplementary Feeding Interventions | |||||||
| HAZ | 0.11 | −0.03 to 0.24 | 3724 | 6 | LOW | 0.13 | |
| WAZ | 0.20 | −0.12 to 0.52 | 711 | 5 | VERY-LOW | 0.23 | |
| WHZ | 0.15 | 0.08 to 0.22 | 3664 | 6 | MODERATE | <10−5 | |
| Stunting | 1.31 | 0.95 to 1.81 | 1512 | 4 | LOW | 0.10 | |
| Wasting | 0.80 | 0.55 to 1.17 | 4299 | 4 | LOW | 0.25 | |
| Infant mortality (%) | 0.61 | 0.38 to 0.97 | 4757 | 2 | HIGH | 0.04 | |
| Weight gain (kg) | 0.06 | −0.01 to 0.12 | 845 | 5 | LOW | 0.08 | |
| Height gain (cm) | 0.13 | −0.03 to 0.35 | 832 | 5 | LOW | 0.11 | |
Significant effect considered at p < 0.05. MD = mean difference. RR = risk ratio. HAZ = height-for-age z-scores. WAZ = weight-for-age z-scores. WHZ = weight-for-height z-scores. HAZ < 2 = stunting. WAZ < 2 = wasting. WHZ < 2 = underweight. EBF: exclusive breastfeeding. significant estimates are in BOLD.