Table 4.

Associations between changes in the SCFA levels and changes in nutrients, blood biomarkers and faecal microbiota composition markers (linear regression adjusted for age and gender).

Independent Variables	Dependent Variables
Changes	Changes in Total SCFA (mmol/kg Wet Weight)		Changes in Straight SCFA 1 (mmol/kg Wet Weight)		Changes in Branched SCFA 2 (mmol/kg Wet Weight)
	B (95% CI)	p-Value	B (95% CI)	p-Value	B (95% CI)	p-Value
Nutritional variables
Energy total (KJ)	0.000 (−0.001; 0.002)	0.605	0.001 (−0.001; 0.002)	0.535	0.000 (0.000; 0.000)	0.161
Total food intake (g)	0.001 (−0.002; 0.004)	0.497	0.001 (−0.002; 0.004)	0.495	0.000 (0.000; 0.000)	0.895
Protein (g)	0.168 (−0.083; 0.418)	0.184	0.166 (−0.065; 0.397)	0.155	−0.004 (−0.022; 0.015)	0.681
Fat (g)	0.079 (−0.093; 0.252)	0.359	0.080 (−0.079; 0.239)	0.315	−0.007 (−0.019; 0.006)	0.272
Carbohydrates (g)	−0.001 (−0.046; 0.045)	0.970	0.001 (−0.041; 0.043)	0.965	−0.002 (−0.005; 0.001)	0.205
Sugar (g)	−0.035 (−0.099; 0.029)	0.280	−0.032 (−0.092; 0.027)	0.282	−0.002 (−0.007; 0.003)	0.425
Starch (g)	0.077 (−0.067; 0.221)	0.287	0.086 (−0.046; 0.218)	0.196	−0.012 (−0.22; -0.002)	0.019
Fiber (g)	0.357 (−0.258; 0.972)	0.249	0.369 (−0.199; 0.936)	0.197	−0.002 (−0.067; 0.023)	0.324
NNS (units) 3	−0.125 (−1.094; 0.844)	0.796	−0.119 (−1.014; 0.776)	0.790	−0.025 (−0.095; 0.046)	0.485
Blood biomarkers
CRP (mg/L)	0.779 (−0.298; 1.856)	0.153	0.680 (−0.316; 1.675)	0.176	0.059 (−0.017; 0.136)	0.127
HbA1C (%)	0.776 (−4.444; 5.996)	0.766	0.575 (−4.239; 5.389)	0.811	0.165 (−0.205; 0.535)	0.373
Zonulin (ng/mL)	−0.035 (−0.191; 0.120)	0.651	−0.038 (−0.182; 0.105)	0.596	0.005 (−0.006; 0.016)	0.384

¹ Changes in the sum of acetic-, propionic-, and butyric- acids. ² Changes in the sum of isobutyric-, isovaleric-, and isocaproic- acids. ³ NNS: Non-nutritive sweeteners. One unit of NNS was 100 mL beverage with NNS or two tablets/teaspoons of NNS.