Table 2.
Changes in cardiometabolic health risk factors in the CON and MPI groups after consuming an energy-restricted diet for 16 weeks 1.
| Time (weeks) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Group | Baseline | 16 | Change |
| Fasting cardiometabolic health risk factors | ||||
| Insulin 2 (pmol/L) | CON | 74.3 ± 7.6 | 46.5 ± 7.6 | −27.8 ± 6.9 |
| MPI | 86.1 ± 7.6 | 50.0 ± 7.6 | −36.1 ± 6.9 | |
| Glucose 2 (mmol/L) | CON | 5.05 ± 0.11 | 4.88 ± 0.11 | −0.17 ± 0.06 |
| MPI | 5.22 ± 0.11 | 5.00 ± 0.11 | −0.22 ± 0.06 | |
| Total cholesterol 2 (mmol/L) | CON | 4.47 ± 0.16 | 4.00 ± 0.16 | −0.47 ± 0.10 |
| MPI | 4.47 ± 0.16 | 3.85± 0.16 | −0.75 ± 0.10 | |
| HDL-C 2 (mmol/L) | CON | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 1.22 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.03 |
| MPI | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 1.14 ± 0.08 | 0.05± 0.03 | |
| LDL-C 2 (mmol/L) | CON | 2.72 ± 0.13 | 2.33 ± 0.13 | −0.39 ± 0.08 |
| MPI | 2.72 ± 0.16 | 2.73 ± 0.16 | −0.47 ± 0.08 | |
| Total cholesterol:HDL-C 2 | CON | 4.10 ± 0.22 | 3.46 ± 0.22 | −0.63 ± 0.15 |
| MPI | 4.37 ± 0.24 | 3.45 ± 0.24 | −0.92 ± 0.15 | |
| Triglycerides 2,3 (mmol/L) | CON | 1.32 ± 0.10 | 0.99 ± 0.10 | −0.33 ± 0.07 |
| MPI | 1.41 ± 0.10 | 0.94 ± 0.10 | −0.47 ± 0.08 | |
| HOMA-IR 2 | CON | 2.42 ± 0.27 | 1.47 ± 0.27 | −0.95 ± 0.25 |
| MPI | 2.97 ± 0.29 | 1.64 ± 0.29 | −1.33 ± 0.26 | |
| HOMA-β 2 | CON | 140 ± 13 | 104 ± 13 | -37 ± 11 |
| MPI | 139 ± 14 | 95 ± 14 | −44 ± 11 | |
| Reclining systolic 3 (mm Hg) | CON | 116 ± 2 | 118 ± 2 | 2 ± 2 |
| MPI | 116 ± 2 | 111 ± 2 | −4 ± 2 | |
| Reclining diastolic 2,3 (mm Hg) | CON | 75 ± 2 | 75 ± 2 | −0 ± 1 |
| MPI | 78 ± 2 | 73 ± 2 | −5 ± 1 | |
| Ambulatory blood pressures (mm Hg) | ||||
| Total systolic 3 | CON | 129 ± 2 | 131 ± 2 | 1 ± 2 |
| MPI | 130 ± 2 | 125 ± 2 | −5 ± 2 | |
| Total diastolic 3 | CON | 76 ± 2 | 77 ± 2 | 0 ± 1 |
| MPI | 78 ± 2 | 74 ± 2 | −3 ± 1 | |
| Awake systolic 3 | CON | 133 ± 2 | 133 ± 2 | 0 ± 2 |
| MPI | 133 ± 2 | 128 ± 2 | −6 ± 3 | |
| Awake diastolic 2 | CON | 79 ± 2 | 79 ± 2 | 0 ± 1 |
| MPI | 80 ± 2 | 77 ± 2 | −3 ± 1 | |
| Sleep systolic 3 | CON | 116 ± 2 | 121 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 |
| MPI | 118 ± 3 | 115 ± 3 | −3 ± 2 | |
| Sleep diastolic 3 | CON | 66 ± 2 | 68 ± 2 | 1 ± 1 |
| MPI | 68 ± 2 | 66 ± 2 | −2 ± 1 | |
1 Values are presented as least-squares mean ± standard error, n = 23 for the CON group and n = 21 for the MPI group. An unpaired t-test (TTEST procedure, SAS version 9.3; SAS Institute) was used to test for differences baseline characteristics. A repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) (MIXED procedure, SAS version 9.3; SAS Institute) was used to test for main effects of time and group-by-time interactions. β, beta cell function; CON, control intervention group consuming a Western-style eating pattern including 0.7 g carbohydrate/kg/d; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, Homeostatic model assessment; IR, insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MPI, intervention group consuming a Western-style eating pattern including 0.7 g protein/kg/day from milk protein isolate. 2 Main effect of time, p < 0.05. 3 Group-by-time interaction, p < 0.05.