Table 3.
Changes in anthropometrics and body composition in the CON and MPI groups after consuming an energy-restricted diet for 16 weeks 1.
| Time (Weeks) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Group | Baseline | 16 | Change |
| Age (years) | CON | 52 ± 1 | — | — |
| MPI | 53 ± 2 | — | — | |
| Body mass 2 (kg) | CON | 87.1 ± 2.5 | 79.2 ± 2.5 | −7.9 ± 0.6 |
| MPI | 91.6 ± 2.8 | 83.1 ± 2.8 | −8.5 ± 0.6 | |
| BMI 2 (kg/m2) | CON | 30.3 ± 0.7 | 27.4 ± 0.7 | −2.9 ± 0.2 |
| MPI | 31.0 ± 0.7 | 28.0 ± 0.7 | −3.1 ± 0.3 | |
| Natural waist circumference 2 (cm) | CON | 103.3 ± 1.8 | 93.5 ± 1.8 | −9.8 ± 1.2 |
| MPI | 106.0 ± 1.9 | 95.8 ± 1.9 | −10.2 ± 1.3 | |
| Umbilicus circumference 2 (cm) | CON | 102.9± 1.8 | 95.0 ± 1.8 | −7.9 ± 0.9 |
| MPI | 109.0 ± 2.0 | 99.2 ± 2.0 | −9.8 ± 1.0 | |
| Hip circumference 2 (cm) | CON | 109.9 ± 1.7 | 103.0 ± 1.7 | −6.9 ± 0.7 |
| MPI | 113.8 ± 1.9 | 106.2 ± 1.9 | −7.7 ± 0.7 | |
| Natural waist:Hip ratio2 | CON | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | −0.03 ± 0.01 |
| MPI | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | −0.03 ± 0.01 | |
| Whole body | ||||
| Lean mass 2 (kg) | CON | 49.6 ± 1.0 | 48.5 ± 1.0 | −1.1 ± 0.2 |
| MPI | 51.7 ± 1.2 | 50.5 ± 1.2 | −1.3 ± 0.3 | |
| Lean mass 2 (%) | CON | 56.8 ± 1.0 | 60.2 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.4 |
| MPI | 56.6 ± 1.1 | 60.8 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | |
| Fat mass 2 (kg) | CON | 34.6 ± 1.7 | 28.8 ± 1.7 | −6.8 ± 0.5 |
| MPI | 36.9 ± 2.0 | 29.6 ± 2.0 | −7.2 ± 0.6 | |
| Fat mass 2 (%) | CON | 39.9 ± 1.1 | 35.2 ± 1.1 | −4.7 ± 0.4 |
| MPI | 40.1 ± 1.2 | 35.6 ± 1.2 | −4.5 ± 0.5 | |
| Lean mass index 2 (kg/m2) | CON | 17.1 ± 0.2 | 16.7 ± 0.2 | −0.4 ± 0.1 |
| MPI | 17.4 ± 0.3 | 16.9 ± 0.3 | −0.5 ± 0.1 | |
| Fat mass index 2 (kg/m2) | CON | 12.2 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | −2.5 ± 0.2 |
| MPI | 12.6 ± 0.6 | 10.0 ± 0.6 | −2.6 ± 0.2 | |
| Right mid-thigh areas | ||||
| Total cross section 2 (cm2) | CON | 237 ± 9 | 209 ± 9 | −28 ± 3 |
| MPI | 259 ± 9 | 228 ± 9 | −32 ± 3 | |
| Muscle 2 (cm2) | CON | 122 ± 3 | 115 ± 3 | −7 ± 1 |
| MPI | 127 ± 3 | 120 ± 3 | −7 ± 1 | |
| Subcutaneous fat 2 (cm2) | CON | 97 ± 8 | 77 ± 8 | −20 ± 2 |
| MPI | 113 ± 9 | 90 ± 9 | −23 ± 2 | |
| IMAT 2 (cm2) | CON | 11 ± 1 | 10 ± 1 | −1 ± 0 |
| MPI | 12 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | −1 ± 0 | |
| IMAT:Muscle ratio 2 (%) | CON | 9.2 ± 0.8 | 8.5 ± 0.8 | −0.6 ± 0.2 |
| MPI | 9.5 ± 0.8 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | −0.3 ± 0.3 | |
| IMAT:Subcutaneous fat ratio 2 (%) | CON | 12.8 ± 1.3 | 14.1 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| MPI | 13.0 ± 1.4 | 14.9 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | |
| Right mid-calf areas | ||||
| Total cross section 2 (cm2) | CON | 116 ± 4 | 110 ± 4 | −6 ± 1 |
| MPI | 126 ± 4 | 118 ± 4 | −8 ± 1 | |
| Muscle 2 (cm2) | CON | 71 ± 2 | 68 ± 2 | −3 ± 1 |
| MPI | 73 ± 2 | 70 ± 2 | −3 ± 1 | |
| Subcutaneous fat 2 (cm2) | CON | 30 ± 3 | 27 ± 3 | −3 ± 1 |
| MPI | 37 ± 3 | 33 ± 3 | −4 ± 1 | |
| IMAT 2 (cm2) | CON | 7 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 | −1 ± 0 |
| MPI | 8 ± 1 | 7 ± 1 | −1 ± 0 | |
| IMAT:Muscle ratio 2 (%) | CON | 9.9 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 0.8 | −0.6 ± 0.1 |
| MPI | 10.2 ± 0.9 | 9.2 ± 0.9 | −1.0 ± 0.2 | |
| IMAT:Subcutaneous fat ratio (%) | CON | 26.2 ± 2.6 | 25.6 ± 2.6 | −0.7 ± 0.4 |
| MPI | 25.3 ± 2.9 | 25.0 ± 2.9 | −0.3 ± 0.4 | |
| Abdominal L3–L4 vertebrae | ||||
| Subcutaneous fat 2 (cm2) | CON | 292 ± 25.06 | 229 ± 25 | −63 ± 9 |
| MPI | 333 ± 26.87 | 268 ±27 | −65 ± 9 | |
| VAT 2 (cm2) | CON | 136 ± 11.57 | 100 ± 12 | −36 ± 8 |
| MPI | 145 ± 12.34 | 107 ± 12 | −38 ± 8 | |
| Subcutaneous fat 2 (%) | CON | 40.0 ± 2.2 | 37.0 ± 2.2 | −3.0 ± 0.9 |
| MPI | 41.1 ± 2.3 | 38.7 ± 2.3 | −2.4 ± 0.9 | |
| VAT 2 (%) | CON | 18.9 ± 1.4 | 16.3 ± 1.4 | −2.7 ± 0.8 |
| MPI | 17.9 ± 1.5 | 15.7 ± 1.5 | −2.3 ± 0.8 | |
1 Age is presented as mean ± standard err. All other values are presented as LSmean ± SE, n = 21 for the CON group and n = 23 for the MPI group. An unpaired t-test (TTEST procedure, SAS version 9.3; SAS Institute) was used to test for differences baseline characteristics. A repeated-measure ANOVA (MIXED procedure, SAS version 9.3; SAS Institute) was used to test for main effect of time and group-by-time interaction. CON, control intervention group consuming a Western-style eating pattern including 0.7 g carbohydrate/kg/day; G × T, group-by-time interaction; IMAT, intramuscular adipose tissue; MPI, intervention group consuming a Western-style eating pattern including 0.7 g protein/kg/day from milk protein isolate; VAT, visceral adipose tissue. 2 Main effect of time, p < 0.05.