Table 1.
Socio-demographic, nutritional status and health characteristics of the study participants stratified according to the adequacy of micronutrient intakes.
| Variable | Sub-Groups | Overall % | Micronutrient Dense Diet | Micronutrient Poor Diet | χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age | <20 years 20–29 years 30–39 years ≥40 years |
8.4 54.0 32.9 4.7 |
8.8 52.7 33.3 5.2 |
7.9 56.0 32.1 4.0 |
0.753 |
| Parity | No child 1–2 children ≥3 children |
29.2 51.4 19.4 |
27.7 50.4 21.9 |
31.8 53.0 15.2 |
0.070 |
| Marital status | Married | 73.0 | 76.3 | 68.5 | 0.054 |
| Place of residence | Rural | 32.8 | 30.8 | 35.7 | 0.335 |
| Employment status | Employed | 77.7 | 79.3 | 74.0 | 0.145 |
| Educational level | None/primary Secondary Tertiary |
13.8 70.9 15.3 |
11.6 74.0 14.5 |
17.0 66.7 16.4 |
0.212 |
| Level of care | Primary a Secondary a Tertiary |
15.4 69.4 15.2 |
9.1 78.6 12.3 |
24.4 56.4 19.2 |
<0.0001 |
| Pregnancy intention | Unplanned | 37.1 | 32.2 | 43.8 | 0.012 |
| HIV status | Positive | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 0.553 |
| Hepatitis B status | Positive | 4.2 | 6.3 | 1.1 | 0.047 |
| VDRL status | Positive | 3.4 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 0.342 |
| Malaria infection | Positive b | 10.3 | 7.2 | 14.5 | 0.081 |
| Worm infestation | Positive | 4.0 | 0.0 | 10.3 | 0.021 |
| Sickling status | Positive | 14.0 | 13.4 | 14.9 | 0.437 |
| Blood group | A a B AB O a |
19.7 24.6 4.8 50.9 |
16.2 24.9 3.5 55.5 |
24.7 24.1 6.6 44.6 |
0.051 |
| Rhesus status | Negative | 6.6 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 0.263 |
| BMI c | Underweight Overweight Obese |
9.6 23.9 9.4 |
9.7 24.1 6.2 |
9.5 23.7 3.2 |
0.786 |
| MUAC c | <24 cm | 8.2 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 0.130 |
| Counselled on diet | Yes | 51.7 | 52.3 | 50.8 | 0.446 |
| Counselled on IFA | Yes | 28.8 | 25.7 | 33.1 | 0.105 |
| Takes daily IFA | Yes | 96.8 | 97.0 | 96.6 | 0.566 |
| Food taboos | Yes | 17.7 | 16.1 | 20.4 | 0.169 |
a Bonferroni adjustment indicating the column proportions that differed significantly at <0.05 level. b Malaria was tested using rapid diagnostic test or blood microscopy. c BMI, body mass index was estimated only in the first trimester; whereas MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference was measured throughout pregnancy. IFA, iron-folic acid.