Table A1.

Longer-term effects of substituting fats low in sn-2 palmitic acid (C16:0) contents with fats high in sn-2 C16:0 contents on fasting cardiometabolic risk. markers.

First author, Year of publication	Study population, Age, BMI	Duration intervention periods, Study design	Total fat (en%)	C16:0 (en%)	Source Low sn-2 High sn-2	C16:0 sn-2 in fat blends (% 1)	Solid fat at 37 °C (%)	Lipids and lipoproteins	Hematological markers	Other markers
Nestel, 1995 [10]	27 men (mildly hyperchol 2) 49 ± 8 y 26.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2	21 days Crossover (no WO)	31	6.7	Palm oil IE palm oil	8.7 24.7 wt%	NR	TAG = TC = LDL-C = HDL-C =
Zock, 1995 [9]	23 men 37 women 3 29 (19–67) y 22.9 (18.1–30.9) kg/m2	21 days Crossover (no WO)	40	11	Control and IE blend of palm oil blended with sunflower oil	6.4 66.9 wt%	0 0	TAG = TC = 4 LDL-C = 4 HDL-C =
Meijer, 1997 [13]	30 men 30 women ± 35.5 y ± 23.8 kg/m2	21 days Crossover 5 (no WO)	34	1 or 25	Control and IE blend that consisted mainly of coconut and palm oils blended with soybean oil	7.1 18.0 wt%	NR	TAG = NEFA = TC = LDL-C = HDL-C = Lp[a] =	FVIIa = Fibrinogen = PAI-1 antigen = tPA antigen = tPA activity = vWF =	Glucose = CRP =
Christophe, 2000 [8]	32 men 23–53 y 18.1–23.5 kg/m2	28 days Parallel	NR ± 131 g	NR ± 5 g	IE butter Butter	NR	NR	TAG = TC = LDL-C= HDL-C= ApoB = ApoA1 =
Filippou, 2014 [11]	10 men 31 women ± 29.1 y ± 23.0 kg/m2	42 days Crossover (no WO)	27	9	Palm olein IE palm olein	9.8 45.9 mol%	0 5.9	TAG = TC = LDL-C = HDL-C = ApoB = ApoA1 = Lp[a] =		Glucose = Insulin = C-peptide =
Ng, 2018 [12]	64 women 21 men 20–60 y 21–30 kg/m2	56 days Parallel	35	7	Palm olein CIE palm olein	11.1 32.4 wt%	NR	TAG = TC = LDL-C = HDL-C = ApoB = ApoA1 = Lp[a] =		Glucose = Insulin = C-peptide =

Markers are significantly lower (↓), higher (↑) or not significantly different (=) after intake of fats high in C16:0 sn-2 contents compared with fats low in C16:0 sn-2 contents. ¹=% of total fatty acids at sn-2. ²=Subjects were mildly hypercholesterolemic (Average total cholesterol: 6.00 ± 0.78 mmol/L) [10]. ³=Pre- and postmenopausal women were included; however, study was designed in such a way that menstrual cycle or use of oral contraceptives should not have influenced results [9]. ⁴=In men, total and LDL cholesterol concentrations were slightly increased (0.10 mmol/L and 0.08 mmol/L respectively) on the diet with higher C16:0 sn-2 [9]. ⁵=Subjects were divided into two parallel groups that were assigned to a diet with either 4 or 8 en% of the blends. Of the 60 subjects in total, 32 (16 men and 16 female) subjects followed the 4 en% diet (age ± 33 years, BMI: ± 24.1 kg/m²) and 28 (14 men and 14 female) subjects the 8 en% diet (age ± 38 years, BMI ± 23.4 kg/m²). The blends provided 1 and 2 en% palmitic acid in the 4 and 8 en% diet respectively, total amount of palmitic acid in the diets was not reported [13]. Abbreviations: apo, apolipoprotein; CIE, chemically interesterified; CRP, C-reactive protein; en%, % of total energy; FVIIa, activated factor VII; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IE, interesterified; Lp[a], lipoprotein [a]; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; NR, not reported; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor; sn, stereospecific numbering; TAG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; vWF, von Willebrand Factor; WO, wash out period; wt, weight; y, year.