Table A4.
Postprandial effects of substituting fats low in palmitic acid (C16:0) sn-2 contents with fats high in C16:0 sn-2 contents on cardiometabolic risk markers.
| First author, Year of publication |
Population, Age, BMI, Follow-up |
Total energy (kcal) | Total fat in grams (en%) |
C16:0 content in grams (en%) |
Source Low sn-2High sn-2 |
C16:0 sn-2 in fat blends (% 1) |
Solid fat at 37 °C (%) | Lipids and lipoproteins | Hematological markers |
Other markers |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zampelas, 1994 [35] | 16 men 24.8±2.6 y 22.7±2.4 kg/m2 6 h |
662 | 40 (54 en%) |
12 (16 en%) |
Palm olein IE blend of palm stearine with sunflower oil |
5.9 72.7 wt% |
NR | TAG = NEFA = |
Glucose = Insulin = GIP = |
||
| Summers, 1998 [36] |
2 men 6 women (pre- and postmenopausal) 30.5 (18–55) y 24 (19–30) kg/m2 6 h |
932 | 60 (58 en%) |
18 (17 en%) |
NR | 5.9 67.8 mol% |
NR | TAG = NEFA = |
Glucose = Insulin = |
||
| Yli-Jokipii, 2001 [32] |
10 women (premenopausal) 26.9 ± 2.56 y 18.5–25 kg/m2 6 h |
NR | 55 g/m2 body surface area | 17 g/m2 body surface area | Palm oil IE palm oil |
9 31 mol% |
0 0 |
TAG ↓ NEFA = VLDL-C = CM-C = |
Glucose = Insulin = |
||
| Yli-Jokipii, 2003 [27] |
2 men 7 women (premenopausal) 24 ± 3 y 21.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2 8 h |
NR | 55 g/m2 body surface area | 17 g/m2 body surface area | IE Lard Lard |
52 69 mol% |
11.0 2 12.5 |
TAG = 3 NEFA = TC = |
Glucose = Insulin = |
||
| Berry, 2007 [33] |
20 men 28.8 ± 10.3 y 23.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2 6 h |
853 | 50 (53 en%) |
14 (15 en%) |
Palm oil IE palm oil |
7.2 37.2 mol% |
3.6 15.2 |
TAG = TC = LDL-C = HDL-C = |
FVIIa = WBC = |
Glucose = Insulin = |
|
| Sanders, 2011 [7] Filippou, 2014 [37] |
25 men 25 women (premenopausal) ± 24.8 y ± 23.5 kg/m2 8 h |
846 | 50 (53 en%) |
20 (22 en%) |
Palm olein IE palm olein |
9.2 39.1 mol% |
0 4.7 |
TAG = NEFA = TC = ApoB48 = |
Glucose = Insulin = C-peptide = GIP ↓ PYY= |
IL-6 = IL-8 = TNF-α = E-selectin = |
|
| Hall, 2014 [34] |
11 men 50 ± 7 y 27.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2 6 h |
1047 | 75 (64 en%) |
30 (26 en%) |
Palm olein IE palm olein |
9.8 45.9 mol% |
NR |
TAG = 4 NEFA = TC = |
|||
| Hall, 2017 [28] |
12 men 20.5 ± 1.1 y 22.4 ± 2.8 kg/m2 4 h |
832 | 52 56 en% |
26 28 en% |
PSt/PK IE PSt/PK |
36.0 54.7 mol% |
24 5 21 |
TAG ↑ |
Glucose = Insulin = GIP = PYY = |
Markers are significantly lower (↓), higher (↑) or not significantly different (=) after intake of fats high in C16:0 sn-2 contents compared with fats low in C16:0 sn-2 contents. 1=% of total fatty acids at sn-2. 2= 12.5% Lard and 11.0% IE lard was solid at 35 °C, and 8.3% and 6.5% at 40 °C respectively. No values reported for 37 °C [27]. 3=iAUC of VLDL-TAG was smaller after lard [27]. 4=TAG iAUC of 0 to 4 h after IE palm olein was lower than after palm olein (p=0.024). Chylomicron TAG was lower at 4 h after IE palm olein compared to palm olein (p=0.038) [34]. 5= 24% PSt/PK and 21% IE PSt/PK was solid at 35 °C, and 17 and 11% at 40 °C respectively. No values for 37 °C [28]. Abbreviations: apo, apolipoprotein; CM-C, chylomicron cholesterol; en%, % of total energy; FVIIa, activated factor VII; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IE, interesterified; IL, interleukin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; NR, not reported; PSt/PK, palm stearin blended with palm kernel; PYY, peptide YY; TAG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; WBC, white blood cells; wt, weight; y, year.