Table A6.
Postprandial effects of substituting fats high in palmitic acid (C16:0) with fats high in stearic acid (C18:0) on cardiometabolic risk markers.
| First author, year of publication | Population, Age, BMI, Postprandial follow-up |
Total energy (kcal) | Total fat in grams (en%) | Content C16:0 C18:0 (g) |
Content C16:0 C18:0 (en%) |
Source C16:0 C18:0 |
Lipids and lipoproteins | Hematological markers |
Other markers |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mennen, 1998 [42] |
91 women (postmenopausal) 75.7 ± 5.2 y 27.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2 6–7 h |
948– 889 |
55.7–49.3 (53–50 en%) |
22 19 |
21 19 |
NR | TAG = | FVIIa = | ||
| Jensen, 1999 [38] |
15 women (premenopausal) 8 normal-weight (27 ± 2 y, 19.2–23.7 kg/m2) 7 overweight (29 ± 3 y, 28.8–47.5 kg/m2) 8 h |
406kcal/m2 body surface area | 29 g/m2 (65 en%) |
12 g/m2 5 g/m2 |
27 10 |
Palm oil Lard |
Both: TAG = |
Both: Insulin = Leptin = |
||
| Sanders, 2000 [39] |
11 men5 women (premenopausal) 25.5 (18–32) y 23.2 (20.1–27.8) kg/m2 7 h |
1242 | 90 (65 en%) |
37 36 |
27 26 |
Palm oil Hydrogenated and IE HOSO |
TAG = | FVIIa = FVIIc = |
||
| Tholstrup, 2001 [41] + 2003 [44] + 2004 [43] |
16 men 23.4 ± 2.4 y 23 ± 2 kg/m2 8 h |
1672 1 | 75 1 (50.6 en%2) | 32 1 34 1 |
17 18 |
IE blend of tripalmitin or tristearin with HOSO | TAG = NEFA = VLDL-C = LDL-C = HDL-C = ApoB = ApoA1 = Lp[a] = |
FVIIa = FVIIc = PAI-1 antigen = tPA activity = |
CETP activity = LPL activity = |
|
| Teng, 2011 [40] |
10 men 21.9 ± 0.7 y 21.0 ± 1.6 kg/m2 4 h |
754 | 50 (60 en%) |
17 9 |
21 10 |
Palm olein Lard |
TAG ↓ NEFA = |
Glucose = Insulin = Leptin = |
IL-6 = TNF-α = IL-1ß = |
|
| Sanders, 2011 [7] Filippou, 2014 [37] |
25 men 25 women (premenopausal) ± 24.8y, ± 23.5 kg/m2 8 h |
846 | 50 (53 en%) |
20 9 |
22 9 |
Palm olein Lard |
TAG ↓ NEFA ↓ TC = ApoB48 = |
Glucose = Insulin = C-peptide = GIP ↓ PYY= |
IL-6 = IL-8 = TNF-α = E-selectin = |
Markers are significantly lower (↓), higher (↑) or not significantly different (=) after intake of fats high in C18:0 compared with fats high in C16:0. 1=per 75 kg body weight. Range of fat intake was 65-85 grams [41]. 2=50.6 en% was reported. However, our calculations indicate 40.4 en% [41].Abbreviations: apo, apolipoprotein; CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein; en%, % of total energy; FVIIa, activated factor VII; FVIIc, Factor VII coagulant activity; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOSO, high oleic sunflower oil; IE, interesterified; IL, interleukin; Lp[a], lipoprotein [a]; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; NR, not reported; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor; PYY, peptide YY; TAG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; wt, weight; y, year.