Table 2.
Role of lipid mediators in the resolution of inflammation in animals.
| Ref. | Authors | Year | Animals | Treatment | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [97] | Shalini et al. | 2018 | Adult rat | Alox15 knock-down | Decrease in RvD1 levels in the prefrontal cortex associated to alteration in working memory performance |
| [125] | Bisicchia et al. |
2018 | Adult rats | Intraperitoneal injection of RvD1 (0.4 µg/kg) 3, 5, and 7 days after HCb lesion | RvD1 reduces glial activation and prevents neuronal death, promoting functional recovery |
| [135] | Orr et al. | 2013 | 12 weeks C57BL/6J | Intracerebroventricular administration of 17S-HpDHA (1 µg) over 24 h via osmotic pump | 17S-HpDHA attenuates hippocampus neuroinflammatory markers |
| [153] | Krashia et al. | 2019 | Syn rats (overexpressing the full-length human SNCA locus under the control of the endogenous human regulatory elements) | Intraperitoneal injection of RvD1 (0.2 µg/kg) twice a week for 8 weeks | RvD1 prevents microglial activation, and reduces CSF IFN-γ and MHC-II expression, and neuronal and motor deficits |
| [158] | Sordi et al. | 2019 | Hemorrhagic shock-induced rats | Intravenous injection of RvD1 (0.3 or 1 µg/kg) | Administration of RvD1 on resuscitation inhibits NFκB activation and reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory factors |
| [159] | Yin et al. | 2017 | STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy rats | Intravitreal administration of RvD1 (1000 ng/kg) | RvD1 inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and associated cytokine production |
| [160] | Liu et al. | 2019 | Hypoxic-ischemic induced 10-day old rat pups | Intraperitoneally injection of RvD1 (5 µg/kg) 1 h before hypoxia-ischemia | RvD1 administration reduces percent infarction area, microglia activation, and pro-inflammatory factor level |
| [161] | Rossi et al. | 2015 | Footpad-LPS injected rats | Intravitreal administration of RvD1 (10, 100, 1000 ng/kg) | RvD1 decreases the ocular damage reducing the presence of B and T lymphocytes, changing the expression of miRNA and the polarization of local macrophages and decreasing the local levels of ubiquitin-proteasome system |
| [162] | Titos et al. | 2011 | Peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J mice | 10 nM RvD1 | RvD1 polarizes macrophages toward a M2 phenotype and promotes macrophages phagocytosis |
| [164] | Abdelmoaty et al. | 2013 | Adult rats | Intrathecally administration of 17R-RvD1 (300 ng) | 17R-RvD1 attenuated carrageenan-induced spinal TNF-α release |
| [165] | Kantarci et al. |
2018 | 5xFAD female mice co-expressing human APP and PS1 with multiple FAD mutations | Intraperitoneally RvE1 injection (1.5 µg/kg) three times a week, for 2 months | RvE1 restores the expression of three SPMs and the cytokine levels in the prefrontal cortex |
| [166] | Harrison et al. |
2015 | TBI-induced C57BL/6 mice | Intraperitoneally RvE1 or 17R-RvD1 injection (100ng) for 7 consecutive days, beginning 3 days before TBI induction | RvE1 and 17R-RvD1 reduce microglial activation and promote microglial ramification. 17R-RvD1, but not RvE1 reduces cognitive deficits. |
| [167] | Terrando et al. |
2013 | Tibia-fracture induced C57BL6 | Intraperitoneally 17R-RvD1 injection (100 ng) before surgery | 17R-RvD1 reduces plasma IL-6 levels 6 h and 24 h after surgery |
| [168] | Delpech et al. |
2015 | LPS-treated Fat-1 mice | - | The increase in brain n-3 PUFA reduces LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and subsequent spatial memory alteration |
| [169] | Luo et al. | 2014 | Transient cerebral ischemia Fat-1 mice | - | Suppression of NFκB activation, decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators, reduction in microglial activation, and increase in RvD1 level in hippocampus. Less severe hippocampal CA1 neuronal loss and cognitive deficits |
| [171] | Deyama et al. |
2017 | LPS-induced depression model Balb/c mice | Intracerebroventricular infusion of RvD1 (10 ng) and RvD2 (10 ng), 22 h after LPS challenge | Antidepressant effect of RvD1 and RvD2 through mTORC1 signaling pathway |
| [172] | Deyama et al. |
2018 | LPS-induced depression model Balb/c mice | Intracerebroventricular infusions of RvE1 (1 ng) or RvE2 (10 ng), 22h after LPS challenge | Antidepressant effect of RvE1 and RvE2 via ChemR23 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus |
| [173] | Deyama et al. |
2018 | LPS-induced depression model Balb/c mice | Intracerebroventricular infusions of RvE3 (10 or 100 ng), 22 h after LPS challenge | Antidepressant effect of RvE3 |
| [174] | Klein et al. | 2014 | Fibromyalgia-like model Swiss mice | Intravenous administration RvD1, 17R-RvD1, or RvD2 (300 ng/mouse) 30 min after fibromyalgia induction and 4 days after, 30 min before behavioral evaluation | 17R-RvD1 and RvD2 (but not RvD1) reduce painful and depressive symptoms |
| [175] | Gilbert et al. | 2014 | Myocardial infarction induced rats | n-3 PUFA rich diet for 10 days before myocardial infarction + RvD1 injection in the left ventricle the 10th day, 5 min before ischemia | RvD1 restores cardioprotection when added to the inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase and of cycloxygnase-2 |
| [176] | Ishikawa et al. |
2017 | Chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression model Balb/c mice | Intracerebroventricular RvD1 or RvD2 (10ng) infusion | RvD1 and RvD2 ameliorate depressive-like behavior |
ChemR23: Chemerin Receptor 23; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; HCb: hemicerebellectomy; HpDHA: hydroperoxyl-docosahexaenoic acid; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; MHCII: major histocompatibility complex II; mRORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; RvD: resolvin D; RvE: resolvin E; SPM: specialized pro-resolving mediators; STZ: streptozotocin; TBI: traumatic brain injury.