Table 3.
Role of lipid mediators in the resolution of inflammation in vitro.
| Ref. | Authors | Year | Cells | Treatment | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [123] | Rey et al. | 2016 | BV-2 microglial cells | 10 nM RvD1 or RvE1, 30 min before LPS treatment and during 24 h | RvD1 and RvE1 both decreased LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) gene expression via miRNA for RvD1 and NFκB pathway for RvE1 |
| [136] | Zhu et al. | 2016 | Human CHME3 microglial cells | 0–0.5 µM RvD1 for 1 h and 6 h | RvD1 down-regulates Aβ42-induced inflammation via the reduction in microglial activation |
| [163] | Li et al. | 2014 | BV-2 microglial cells | 1, 10, or 100 nM RvD1 for 30 min before addition of 10 ng/mL murine IL-4 | RvD1 enhances the IL-4-induced M2 polarization |
| [164] | Abdelmoaty et al. | 2013 | Rat primary astrocytes | 500 nM 17-R-RvD1, 30 min before IFN-γ or LPS stimulation and during 24 h | 17-R-RvD1 attenuates IFN-γ or LPS-induced TNF-α production |
| [177] | Xu et al. | 2013 | Primary microglial cells | 1, 10, 100 ng/mL RvE1, 15 min before LPS treatment and during the 24 h LPS treatment | RvE1 suppresses LPS-induced microgliosis and prevents TNF-α release |
| [179] | Tian et al. | 2015 | Rat primary microglial cells | 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 µM RvD2, 2 h before LPS treatment and during the 2 h LPS treatment | RvD2 reduces LPS-induced inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, NO, TLR4, NFκB, IκB) and microglial activation markers (Iba1, CD11b) |
| [180] | Shevalye et al. |
2015 | Mouse primary neurons | 50 nM RvD1 for 24 h | RvD1 increases neurite outgrouth |
| [181] | Xu et al. | 2017 | PC12 Parkinson’s disease model cells | 50, 100, 200 nM RvD1, 2 h prior MPP+ treatment | RvD1 attenuates MPP+ upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression via the inhibition of the activation of p38/ERK and NFκB signaling pathways |
| [182] | Benabdoun et al. | 2019 | Murine macrophage RAW 264.7 | 100, 200, 500 nM RvD1 for 72 h | RvD1 reduces LPS-induced PGE2 and TNF-α production, and increases IL-10 production |
| [183] | Schmid et al. | 2016 | Human primary macrophages | 10 nM RvD1 for 48 h | RvD1 decreases IL-1β and IL-8 secretion and tends to reduce MCP-1 via the activation of GPR32 |
RvD1: resolvin D1; RvE1: resolvin E1; GPR32: G protein-coupled receptor 32; MPP+: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion; PGE2: prostaglandin E2.