Table 2.

The pharmacological activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and its related compounds.

Activities	Bioactive Compound	Mechanism of Action	References
Antibacterial	Allicin	Chemical interaction with enzymes containing thiol	[54]
Antifungal	DADS	Irreversible ultrastructural changes in the fungal cells, loss of structural integrity and affected the germination ability	[44]
	DATS
Antiviral	Allicin	Chemical interaction with enzymes containing thiol	[58]
	DATS	Enhancing Natural killer-cell (NK-cell) activity that destroys virus-infected cells
Antiprotozoal	Allicin	Preventing the parasite’s RNA, DNA and protein synthesis.	[58]
	DATS
	Ajoene	Inhibiting the human glutathione reductase and T. cruzi trypanothione reductase	[61]
Antioxidant	Allicin, DADS, and DATS	Modulation of ROS, increasing glutathione and cellular antioxidant enzymes	[54]
	Alliin	Controlling ROS generation and preventing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)	[67]
	DAS	Suppressing the enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450-2E1, reducing the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species	[69]
Anti-inflammatory	Allicin	Enhancing the immune cell activity f, inhibiting the SDF1α chemokine and Transendothelial migration of neutrophils	[60]
	DAS	Diminishing the expression of the inflammatory cytokines (e.g., NF- κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ROS generation by suppressing CYP-2E1 hepatic enzyme	[76]
	Thiacremonone	Blocking the NF-κB activity	[77]
Anti-cancer	Allicin, alliin, DADS, DAS	Enhancing p38 expression and cleaved caspase 3.	[80]
	Z-Ajoene	Stimulating apoptosis in human leukemic cells, promoting the peroxide production, caspase-3-like, and caspase-8 activities	[87]
Immunomodulatory	Allicin	Suppressing BuChE and AChE	[105]
Anti-obesity	Ajoene	Decreasing the fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and dramatically decreases the body weight gain	[117]
	1,2-Vinyldithiin	Decreasing the C/EBPα, PPARγ2, and LPL expression and the PPARγ effect in human adipocytes	[118]
Antidiabetic	Allyl propyl disulfide, allicin, cysteine sulfoxide, and S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, alliin	Decreasing the insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, increasing liver metabolism, and thus enhancing the short-acting insulin production	[114,115]
Hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolaemic	Different garlic preparations	Decreasing serum TC, TG, and LDL levels and moderately elevating HDL cholesterol	[107]
Anti-Atherosclerotic, antithrombotic	Different garlic preparations	Preventing ADP-activated platelets binding to immobilized fibrinogen and platelet aggregation, inhibiting GPIIb/IIIa receptor and increasing cAMP	[120]
Antihypertensive	Gamma-glutamylcysteine	Inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme	[87]