Table 1.
Comparison of the accuracy of the presented algorithm to the algorithms from the literature on the large PPG-DaLia dataset as MAE (bpm). The proposed TDHR algorithm was tested in several versions, with various numbers of analyzed samples N (for all other algorithms N = 256), sampled with a frequency of 32 Hz, with a BPMmin = 40 bpm. The measurements were done every 2 s. For the TDHR algorithm, the accuracy was also calculated for valid measurements, and then the percentage of valid measurements was also given.
| S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 | S13 | S14 | S15 | All | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SpaMa [14] | 11.86 | 14.75 | 9.53 | 17.2 | 39.28 | 16.78 | 15.88 | 15.2 | 17.19 | 9.08 | 21.63 | 12.63 | 9.5 | 10.73 | 12.23 | 15.56 ± 7.5 |
| SpaMaPlus [15] | 8.86 | 9.67 | 6.4 | 14.1 | 24.06 | 11.34 | 6.31 | 11.25 | 16.04 | 6.17 | 15.15 | 12.03 | 8.5 | 7.76 | 8.29 | 11.06 ± 4.8 |
| Schaeck 2017 [23] | 33.05 | 27.81 | 18.49 | 28.82 | 12.64 | 8.72 | 20.65 | 21.75 | 22.25 | 12.6 | 21.05 | 22.74 | 27.71 | 12.05 | 16.4 | 20.45 ± 7.1 |
| CNN average [15] | 8.45 | 7.92 | 5.96 | 7.86 | 18.97 | 13.55 | 5.16 | 11.49 | 10.65 | 6.07 | 9.87 | 9.95 | 5.25 | 5.85 | 5.25 | 8.82 ± 3.8 |
| CNN ensemble [15] | 7.73 | 6.74 | 4.03 | 5.9 | 18.51 | 12.88 | 3.91 | 10.87 | 8.79 | 4.03 | 9.22 | 9.35 | 4.29 | 4.37 | 4.17 | 7.65 ± 4.2 |
| TDHR N = 1024 |
8.10 | 7.98 | 10.51 | 11.82 | 20.60 | 12.11 | 7.62 | 11.71 | 14.79 | 4.92 | 20.05 | 8.76 | 7.88 | 9.15 | 8.45 | 10.96 ± 4.49 |
| TDHR N = 1024 only valid measurements (%) |
5.32 74% |
4.99 86% |
6.47 71% |
6.57 72% |
16.26 43% |
8.29 55% |
5.40 80% |
10.28 80% |
6.93 64% |
3.01 81% |
9.17 66% |
5.22 61% |
4.70 83% |
4.84 79% |
4.12 75% |
6.77 ± 3.26 72% |
| TDHR N = 512 |
8.61 | 7.49 | 11.55 | 11.93 | 20.79 | 14.24 | 7.96 | 11.91 | 14.95 | 5.83 | 19.60 | 8.86 | 8.22 | 9.10 | 8.66 | 11.31 ± 4.41 |
| TDHR N = 512 only valid measurements (%) |
6.00 74% |
5.60 86% |
7.72 73% |
7.55 71% |
16.05 58% |
9.62 65% |
6.01 81% |
10.50 79% |
8.79 65% |
3.71 80% |
12.15 71% |
5.65 62% |
5.27 84% |
5.34 78% |
4.82 75% |
7.65 ± 3.30 74% |
| TDHR N = 256 |
11.08 | 10.84 | 11.63 | 14.06 | 21.67 | 15.63 | 8.86 | 13.30 | 15.12 | 7.27 | 21.08 | 10.49 | 9.54 | 10.24 | 9.04 | 12.66 ± 4.25 |
| TDHR N = 256 only valid measurements (%) |
8.40 74% |
8.21 86% |
9.40 75% |
10.10 73% |
17.02 69% |
12.85 72% |
7.57 83% |
12.04 78% |
11.75 68% |
5.14 79% |
13.86 74% |
7.73 62% |
7.33 84% |
7.45 81% |
6.63 74% |
9.70 ± 3.21 76% |
| TDHR N = 128 |
13.13 | 13.57 | 13.11 | 15.59 | 25.55 | 18.05 | 10.25 | 16.19 | 19.23 | 10.32 | 19.39 | 12.64 | 11.63 | 12.33 | 12.80 | 14.92 ± 4.16 |
| TDHR N = 128 only valid measurements (%) |
12.71 80% |
12.25 89% |
11.93 82% |
14.05 80% |
20.84 82% |
16.44 79% |
9.53 86% |
15.65 83% |
17.53 78% |
8.75 85% |
17.13 82% |
12.02 72% |
10.29 86% |
10.66 85% |
10.73 80% |
13.37 ± 3.46 82% |