Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer for individual 2018 WCRF/AICR recommendations. Italy and Switzerland, 1991–2008.
| Cases (%) | Controls (%) | OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1—Be a healthy weight c | ||||
| 0 | 505 (16.7) | 589 (17.4) | 1.00 d | 1.00d |
| 0.5 | 960 (31.7) | 1128 (33.3) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
| 0.5 | 1562 (51.6) | 1667 (49.3) | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) |
| ptrend | 0.763 | 0.984 | ||
| R2—Be physically active c | ||||
| 0 | 223 (7.4) | 149 (4.4) | 1.00 d | 1.00 d |
| 0.5 | 2098 (69.4) | 2207 (65.5) | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) |
| 1 | 702 (23.2) | 1016 (30.1) | 0.60 (0.47–0.76) | 0.61 (0.48–0.78) |
| ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| R3—Eat a diet rich in wholegrains vegetables fruit and beans | ||||
| <0.5 | 356 (11.7) | 452 (13.3) | 1.00 d | 1.00 d |
| 0.5–<1 | 2176 (71.7) | 2421 (71.4) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 0.79 (0.66–0.94) |
| 1 | 502 (16.5) | 519 (15.3) | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 0.63 (0.50–0.80) |
| ptrend | 0.793 | <0.001 | ||
| R4—Limit consumption of fast foods and other processed food high in fat starches or sugar | ||||
| 0 | 456 (15.0) | 419 (12.4) | 1.00 d | 1.00 d |
| 0.5 | 1752 (57.7) | 1807 (53.3) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) |
| 1 | 826 (27.2) | 1166 (34.4) | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) |
| ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| R5—Limit consumption of red meat and processed meat | ||||
| 0 | 2236 (73.7) | 2451 (72.3) | 1.00 d | 1.00 d |
| 0.5 | 655 (21.6) | 703 (20.7) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) |
| 1 | 143 (4.7) | 238 (7.0) | 0.66 (0.53–0.82) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) |
| ptrend | <0.001 | 0.329 | ||
| R6—Limit consumption of sugar sweetened drinks c | ||||
| 0 | 187 (6.2) | 148 (4.4) | 1.00 d | 1.00 d |
| 0.5 | 1147 (37.8) | 1216 (35.8) | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) |
| 1 | 1700 (56.0) | 2028 (59.8) | 0.61 (0.48–0.76) | 0.68 (0.53–0.86) |
| ptrend | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||
| R7—Limit alcohol consumption | ||||
| 0 | 1081 (35.7) | 989 (29.2) | 1.00 d | 1.00 d |
| 0.5 | 937 (30.9) | 937 (27.7) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) |
| 1 | 1014 (33.4) | 1462 (43.2) | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | 0.74 (0.65–0.84) |
| ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| S1—For mothers, breastfeed if you can c | ||||
| 0 | 1083 (35.8) | 1194 (35.3) | 1.00 d | 1.00 d |
| 0.5 | 602 (19.9) | 571 (16.9) | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) |
| 0.5 | 1342 (44.3) | 1613 (47.8) | 0.97 (0.86–1.08) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) |
| ptrend | 0.512 | 0.496 |
WCRF/AICR, World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. a Adjusted for age, study centre, and education. b Adjusted for age, study centre, education, parity, menopausal status and age at menopause, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy use, tobacco smoking, non–alcoholic energy intake, family history of breast cancer, diabetes, and additionally for body mass index, physical activity, and alcohol intake unless the variable was part of the recommendation under evaluation. c The sum does not add up to the total because of missing values. d Reference category.