Table 3.
Results before and after the intervention by groups
| Group | Before (X ± SD) |
After (X ± SD) |
a (X ± SD [95% CI]) |
p-value | d | Time | Group | Time x Group | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P (ηp2) | |||||||||
| BM (kg) | KD | 61.9 + 9.8 | 59.7 + 10.1 | −2.2 ± 1.2 [−3.0, − 1.3]* | 0.005 | −0.2 | 0.08 (0.16) | 0.53 (0.02) | < 0.01 (0.52) |
| NKD | 62.6 + 5.9 | 63.4 + 6.5 | 0.8 ± 1.8 [−0.4, 2.0]* | 0.154 | 0.1 | ||||
| FM (kg) | KD | 18.4 + 6.4 | 17.3 + 5.5 | −1.1 ± 1.5 [−2.2, −0.1] | 0.042 | −0.2 | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.74 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.30) |
| NKD | 18.3 + 4.3 | 18.7 + 4.5 | 0.3 ± 0.8 [−0.2, 0.9] | 0.225 | 0.1 | ||||
| FFM (kg) | KD | 42.8 + 5.4 | 42.1 + 6.1 | −0.7 ± 1.7 [−1.9, 0.5] * | 0.202 | − 0.1 | 0.94 (0.00) | 0.47 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.21) |
| NKD | 43.5 + 2.8 | 44.2 + 3.4 | 0.7 ± 1.1 [−0.1, 1.4]* | 0.074 | 0.2 | ||||
| BP (kg) | KD | 41.5 + 8.4 | 43.0 + 7.7 | 1.5 ± 4.6 [−1.8, 4.8]* | 0.329 | 0.2 | 0.001 (0.47) | 0.91 (0.00) | 0.05 (0.19) |
| NKD | 39.8 + 7.1 | 44.6 + 7.4 | 4.8 ± 1.8 [3.6, 5.9]* | < 0.01 | 0.7 | ||||
| Squat (kg) | KD | 68.5 + 11.2 | 74.1 + 12.3 | 5.6 ± 7.6 [0.1, 11.0]* | 0.045 | 0.5 | < 0.01 (0.74) | 0.84 (0.00) | < 0.01 (0.39) |
| NKD | 64.5 + 11.3 | 80.1 + 10.8 | 15.6 ± 5.4 [11.7, 19.4]* | 0.005 | 1.4 | ||||
| CMJ (cm) | KD | 20.8 + 2.7 | 22.4 + 3.3 | 1.7 ± 1.9 [0.3, 3.1] | 0.022 | 0.6 | 0.00 (0.56) | 0.48 (0.03) | 0.46 (0.03) |
| NKD | 22.0 + 4.2 | 24.2 + 4.9 | 2.2 ± 1.7 [1.1, 3.4] | 0.001 | 0.5 | ||||
a, changes from baseline; CI confidence interval; P, significant difference between pretest vs postest; d, Cohen’s d; KD ketogenic diet group; NKD non-ketogenic diet group; FM fat mass; FFM fat-free mass; BP bench press; CMJ countermovement jump; * difference (P < 0.05) between KD and NKD group.