. 2020 Apr 10;20:78. doi: 10.1186/s12874-020-00958-4

Table 4.

Comparison of the Telephone and Web Survey Data with the Census Data Regarding Sociodemographic Variables

Sociodemographic variables	Census	Sample		Chi-square test (χ²) and effect size (Cramer’s V)^a
		Web	Phone	Web-Census		Telephone-Census		Web-Telephone
		Web	Phone	χ²	Cramer’s V	χ²	Cramer’s V	χ²	Cramer’s V
Age
• 18–34	25.6%	11.3%	5.6%	178.76****	0.19^††	312.07****	0.25^†††	35.66***	0.14^†
• 35–44	16.4%	13.9%	14.4%
• 45–54	18.8%	19.1%	17.7%
• 55–64	18.6%	27.8%	26.4%
• 65–74	12.9%	21.3%	24.0%
• 75 and more	7.7%	6.6%	11.9%
Gender
• Male	48.5%	44.6%	31.7%	5.97*	0.08	113.40****	0.34^††	34.34***	−0.13^†
• Female	51.5%	55.4%	68.3%	5.97*	0.08	113.40****	0.34^††	34.34***	−0.13^†
Household size
• 1 person	30.5%	25.8%	22.4%	58.32****	0.18^†	40.25****	0.14^†	7.69*	0.06
• 2 persons	34.2%	44.1%	41.7%
• 3 persons and more	35.3%	30.1%	35.9%
Presence of at least one child in the household
• Yes	39.2%	28.7%	36.3%	43.53****	0.22^†	3.54 ^n.s.	0.06	12.68***	−0.08
• No	60.8%	71.3%	63.7%	43.53****	0.22^†	3.54 ^n.s.	0.06	12.68***	−0.08
Highest education level^b
• No certificate, diploma, or degree	17.4%	8.1%	12.1%	165.57****	0.24^††	240.86****	0.28^††	19.33***	0.10^†
• Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate	23.3%	29.2%	30.2%
• Diploma or certificate of college, trade, or vocational studies, or partial university studies	39.3%	30.7%	23.1%
• University degree	20.0%	32.0%	34.6%
Household annual gross income^b
• $20,000 and less	9.7%	9.2%	12.2%	6.24^n.s.	0.05	10.60*	0.07^†	13.40**	0.09
• $20,001–$60,000	37.1%	41.1%	37.6%
• $60,001–$100,000	26.3%	27.7%	22.7%
• More than $100,000	26.9%	22.0%	27.5%

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001 ****p < .0001

^a Effect size interpretation: ^† Small effect, ^†† Moderate effect, ^†††Large effect

^b25% census sample