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. 2020 Apr 10;19:41. doi: 10.1186/s12940-020-00592-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Structural equation model for the association between latent Metals exposure (left circle) informed by concentrations of W-As, W-Mn, and B-Pb at pregnancy, toddlerhood, and childhood (left rectangles) to latent Antibody concentration (right circle) informed by age-5 diphtheria and tetanus antibody (right rectangles). Note: Covariates (middle rectangle) include maternal education, child sex, and breastfeeding duration. Single headed arrows represent regressions between variables (factor loadings when observed variable is regressed on its latent construct). The double-headed dashed arrows represent specified correlations between residuals of observed variables