Table 1.
Characteristics of children in Bangladeshi prospective cohort who provided serum antibody samples at age 5 years
| Variable | Child sex | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Males | Females | ||
| N = 502 | (n = 255) | (n = 246) | p-value | |
| Maternal Education, n (%) | ||||
| illiterate | 52 (10.4%) | 29 (11.4%) | 23 (9.3%) | 0.76 |
| primary | 187 (37.3%) | 94 (36.9%) | 93 (37.8%) | |
| ≥ secondary | 262 (52.2%) | 132 (51.8%) | 130 (52.8%) | |
| Total duration of breastfeeding, median (IQR), months | 24.0 (19.0, 36.0) | 24.0 (18.0, 36.0) | 24.0 (24.0, 36.0) | 0.41 |
| WFA | −1.3 (−2.0, − 0.6) | − 1.2 (− 1.9, − 0.6) | − 1.5 (− 2.1, − 0.8) | 0.005 |
| Antibody concentration at age 5, median (IQR), IU/mL | ||||
| Diphtheria | 0.06 (0.03, 0.12) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.13) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.12) | 0.78 |
| Tetanus | 0.21 (0.09, 0.40) | 0.22 (0.10, 0.42) | 0.20 (0.09, 0.37) | 0.12 |
| Arsenic (W-As), median (IQR), μg/L | ||||
| pregnancy | 3.2 (1.2, 23.7) | 3.2 (1.2, 24.2) | 3.3 (1.2, 22.3) | 0.70 |
| toddlerhood | 7.1 (0.8, 47.7) | 7.9 (0.9, 47.7) | 6.9 (0.7, 49.4) | 0.41 |
| childhood | 2.7 (0.4, 38.4) | 3.6 (0.4, 37.2) | 2.5 (0.4, 39.1) | 0.31 |
| Manganese (W-Mn), median (IQR), μg/L | ||||
| pregnancy | 565.0 (344.8, 796.0) | 565.0 (350.5, 789.0) | 569.5 (340.0, 814.0) | 0.62 |
| toddlerhood | 741.0 (322.5, 1478.5) | 776.5 (358.0, 1560.0) | 710.0 (308.0, 1410.0) | 0.38 |
| childhood | 748.6 (304.3, 1483.7) | 721.3 (322.1, 1512.0) | 806.5 (252.6, 1422.6) | 0.91 |
| Lead (B-Pb), median (IQR), μg/dL | ||||
| pregnancy | 3.1 (1.6, 5.6) | 3.2 (1.5, 5.2) | 3.0 (1.6, 5.8) | 0.78 |
| toddlerhood | 6.4 (4.3, 10.0) | 6.5 (4.4, 9.5) | 6.0 (4.0, 10.4) | 0.77 |
| childhood | 4.7 (2.3, 7.0) | 5.0 (2.9, 7.9) | 4.6 (2.3, 6.5) | 0.05 |
Note: p-values Pearson chi-squared or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum differences in distribution of variable between sexes; IQR interquartile range (25th, 75th percentiles); IU international units; W- drinking water; WFA weight-for-age z-score