Table 2.

Behaviors assessed in the Lincoln Canine Anxiety Scale (LCAS).

Behavior	Indicator for Score 0	Indicator for Score 1	Indicator for Score 5
Running around	Not present	Small amount—occasional burst of activity	Extensive amount—continuously running around
Drooling Saliva	Not present	Small amount—damp around mouth	Extensive amount—pools of saliva
Hiding (e.g., under furniture, behind owner, etc.)	Not present	Small amount—retreats work to get dog from hiding area	Extensive amount—will not be removed from hiding area
Destructiveness (e.g., furniture, doors, carpets, …)	Not present	Small amount—small item, e.g., pens	Extensive amount—e.g., holes in the wall
Cowering (e.g., tucks tail, flattens ears, etc.)	Not present	Small amount—uneasy	Extensive amount—petrified
Restlessness/Pacing	Not present	Small amount—occasional burst of activity	Extensive amount—fixed route continuously traced
Aggressive behavior (e.g., growling, snapping, or biting)	Not present	Small amount—occasional growl	Extensive amount—severe biting attempts made
“Freezing to the spot”	Not present	Occurs sporadically within an event	Most of the time
Barking/Whining/Howling	Not present	Small amount	Extensive amount
Panting	Not present	Small amount—occurs sporadically within an event	Most of the time
Vomiting, Defecating, Urinating, and/or Diarrhea	Not present	Small amount	Extensive amount
Owner seeking behavior	Not present	Seeks out owner occasionally during the event	Will not leave owner in any circumstance
Vigilance/Scanning of the environment	Not present	Occurs sporadically within an event	Most of the time
Bolts	Not present	Occurs occasionally, in response to certain noises	Occurs always, in response to a wide range of sounds
Shaking or trembling	Not present	Occurs occasionally, in response to certain noises	Occurs always, in response to a wide range of sounds
Self-harm	Not present	Small amount—e.g., licking feet	Extensive amount—e.g., broken teeth or nails