TABLE 1.

patient characteristics^a

	Overall (n = 715)					Site 1 (n = 401)					Site 2 (n = 314)
	Orthopedic (n = 184)		TBI (n = 531)			Orthopedic (n = 101)		TBI (n = 300)			Orthopedic (n = 83)		TBI (n = 231)
Variable	n	%	n	%	P	n	%	n	%	P	n	%	n	%	P
TBI type
No TBI	184	100.0				101	100.0				83	100.0
Mild TBI	0	0.0	201	37.9		0	0.0	109	36.3		0	0.0	92	39.8
Complicated mild TBI/moderate TBI	0	0.0	215	40.5		0	0.0	121	40.3		0	0.0	94	40.7
Severe TBI	0	0.0	115	21.7		0	0.0	70	23.3		0	0.0	45	19.5
Age
0-30 mo	45	24.5	127	23.9	.999	25	24.8	65	21.7	.937	20	24.1	62	26.8	.969
31 mo to 5 y	46	25.0	132	24.9		24	23.8	73	24.3		22	26.5	59	25.5
6-11 y	46	25.0	134	25.2		24	23.8	76	25.3		22	26.5	58	25.1
12-15 y	47	25.5	138	26.0		28	27.7	86	28.7		19	22.9	52	22.5
Female	69	37.5	200	37.7	1.000	39	38.6	108	36.0	.635	30	36.1	92	39.8	.601
Race
Black, non-Hispanic	13	7.1	44	8.3	.711	3	3.0	0	0.0	.055	10	12.0	44	19.0	.613
Hispanic or Latino	57	31.0	141	26.6		14	13.9	36	12.0		43	51.8	105	45.5
Other, non-Hispanic	10	5.4	39	7.3		6	5.9	27	9.0		4	4.8	12	5.2
White, non-Hispanic	102	55.4	297	55.9		77	76.2	229	76.3		25	30.1	68	29.4
Missing	2	1.1	10	1.9		1	1.0	8	2.7		1	1.2	2	0.9
Admission type
ED/OBS only	124	67.4	128	24.1	.000	89	88.1	57	19.0	.000	35	42.2	71	30.7	.000
Hospital but not PICU	59	32.1	158	29.8		12	11.9	109	36.3		47	56.6	49	21.2
PICU	1	0.5	245	46.1		0	0.0	134	44.7		1	1.2	111	48.1
Insurance type
Commercial/private/military	108	58.7	266	50.1	.046	79	78.2	188	62.7	.007	29	34.9	78	33.8	.978
Medicaid/CHIP	68	37.0	213	40.1		19	18.8	76	25.3		49	59.0	137	59.3
None	8	4.3	51	9.6		3	3.0	35	11.7		5	6.0	16	6.9
Missing	0	0.0	1	0.2		0	0.0	1	0.3		0	0.0	0	0.0
One of parents currently employed	160	87.0	476	89.6	.371	92	91.1	280	93.3	.505	68	81.9	196	84.8	.609
Parental education
Bachelor’s degree or higher	67	36.4	130	24.5	.002	50	49.5	88	29.3	.000	17	20.5	42	18.2	.621
High school	26	14.1	129	24.3		8	7.9	67	22.3		18	21.7	62	26.8
Less than high school	30	16.3	70	13.2		8	7.9	24	8.0		22	26.5	46	19.9
Vocational/some college	61	33.2	200	37.7		35	34.7	121	40.3		26	31.3	79	34.2
Missing	0	0.0	2	0.4		0	0.0	0	0.0		0	0.0	2	0.9
Marital status
No	54	29.3	159	29.9	.978	22	21.8	57	19.0	.757	32	38.6	102	44.2	.653
Yes	128	69.6	365	68.7		79	78.2	241	80.3		49	59.0	124	53.7
Missing	2	1.1	7	1.3		0	0.0	2	0.7		2	2.4	5	2.2
Rural	24	13.0	110	20.7	.028	11	10.9	81	27.0	.001	13	15.7	29	12.6	.603
Below poverty level
No	127	69.0	346	65.2	.158	82	81.2	223	74.3	.158	45	54.2	123	53.2	.610
Yes	49	26.6	139	26.2		17	16.8	57	19.0		32	38.6	82	35.5
Missing	8	4.3	46	8.7		2	2.0	20	6.7		6	7.2	26	11.3
Family receives any assistanceb	63	34.2	203	38.2	.349	20	19.8	84	28.0	.221	43	51.8	119	51.5	.101
Problematic family functioningc	21	11.4	66	12.4	.794	10	9.9	32	10.7	1.000	11	13.3	34	14.7	.856
Social Capital Indexd	3.6	1.1	3.5	1.1	.404	3.7	1.0	3.6	1.0	.593	3.4	1.1	3.3	1.2	.503

Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; OBS, observation unit; PICU; pediatric intensive care unit; TBI, traumatic brain injury;

^aStatistical comparisons were made using χ² tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables.

^bAny assistance = public housing; supplemental security income; food stamps/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).

^cProblematic family functioning = McMaster Family Assessment Device score 2 or more.

^dSocial Capital Index = scored 0 to 5, with higher numbers indicating better function.