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. 2020 Apr 3;11:575. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00575

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Copyright © 2020 Zhou, Yuan, Zhang, Guo, Li, Li, Xiong and Zeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The interactions among intestinal flora, regional immune system, disease, and treatment. The structure and function of intestinal microorganisms have a duo-impact on disease by affecting the immune system in the intestinal region. In the digestive system, Fusobacterium nucleatum induces the production of cytokines IL-10 and IFN-γ, and the differentiation of macrophages to aggravate the progress of ulcerative colitis. In the nervous system, the increase of Deltaproteobacteria abundance and decrease in Rhodocyclales abundance affect the intestinal microenvironment, and subsequently affect the course of schizophrenia via the “gut–brain” axis. In metabolic diseases, B. fragilis aggravates the development of type 1 diabetes by changing the expression of cytokines. In addition, the intestinal microenvironment can be reconstructed by probiotics or microbiota transplantation, with typically occurring organisms reconstituted via fecal microbiota transplantation, so as to recalibrate immune homeostasis in the intestinal region, and contribute to the treatment and amelioration of disease.