Table 5.

Mean annual inputs and outputs of soil Cd in g/ha.

Inputs			Outputs		Remarks (Location, period)	Reference
Atmospheric Deposition	Phosphate fertilizers	Others (e.g., manure)	Leaching	Crop offtake
1.7	5.6	0.64	0.68	0.28	Germany, farming, the 1990s	Schuetze et al. (2003)
5	-	-	0.68	-	Germany, forest & urban, the 1990s	Schuetze et al. (2003)
2.5 to 4.5	-	-	-	-	German uplands, forest, the 1990s	Beisecker et al. (2012)
2.06	-	-	3.35	-	German uplands, forest, the 2000s	Beisecker et al. (2012)
0.96	0.28	0.43	0.87	0.8	Lower Saxony (Germany), farming, 1990s/2000s	Kamermann et al. (2015)
4	0.9	6.3	1.6	-	China, the 2000s	Luo et al. (2009)
1.9	1.6	-	-	-	European countries, 2000	Grant (2011)
9.8	1.0	1.4	-	-	Belgium, the 1990s	UNEP (2010)
0.25	0.98	0.56	-	-	Farquhar et al., 1997	Six and Smolders (2014)
0.35	0.79	0.15	2.56	0.2	European countries 2010	Six and Smolders (2014)
> 0.5	-	-	-	-	Western, Eastern and Southern Europe, 2003	UNEP (2010)
1.4	-	-	-	-	West Germany, industry, 2014	Ilyin et al. (2016)
0.25	-	-	-	-	South Germany, farming, 2014	Ilyin et al. (2016)
0.19	< 0.071	0.148	-	-	Farquhar et al., 1997	UNEP (2010)
0.3	-	-	-	-	Northern Europe, 2003	UNEP (2010)
0.32	-	-	-	-	Near the European coast, 2005	OSPAR (2008)
> 0.32	-	-	-	-	Greater North Sea, 2005	OSPAR (2008)
< 0.1	-	-	-	-	Wider Atlantic, 2005	OSPAR (2008)
> 0.1	-	-	-	-	Central Atlantic & Southern coast of Greenland, 2005	OSPAR (2008)
< 0.05	-	-	-	-	Arctic Ocean, 2005	OSPAR (2008)