Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of clients with concurrent alcohol and opioid use.
| Overall (n = 1,142) | Heroin or Rx Opioid (n = 531) | Alcohol + Heroin or Rx Opioid (n = 230) | Alcohol, Heroin & Rx Opioid (n = 381) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 55.6% | 51.7% | 60.5% | 57.8% | 0.05 |
| Mean Age | 33.3 | 33.4 | 33.7 | 32.9 | 0.61 |
| Race | 0.08 | ||||
| White | 95.3% | 96.4% | 93.9% | 94.7% | |
| Black | 2.5% | 1.7% | 4.8% | 2.1% | |
| Other | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 3.2% | |
| Employed (Yes) | 39.5% | 41.1% | 46.3% | 33.3% | < 0.00 |
| Reside in County in Appalachia | 16.7% | 20.1% | 12.5% | 14.4% | 0.02 |
| County Classification | 0.32 | ||||
| Rural | 1.5% | 1.4% | 2.3% | 1.1% | |
| Suburban | 1.11% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 2.0% | |
| Urban | 97.4% | 97.9% | 97.2% | 96.9% | |
| Live with Someone AOD Problem (Yes) | 39.4% | 41.1% | 34.6% | 39.9% | 0.25 |
| Serious Thoughts of Suicide in Lifetime | 38.9% | 31.4% | 40.1% | 48.5% | < 0.00 |
| Ever Attempted Suicide in Lifetime | 19.9% | 16.7% | 19.7% | 24.5% | 0.02 |
| Injection Drug Use (Lifetime) | 90.8% | 91.1% | 84.2% | 94.2% | < 0.00 |
| Injected drugs in the past month | 84.7% | 82.5% | 84.4% | 87.7% | 0.13 |
| Mean age first injected drugs | 25.3 | 26.1b | 25.3 | 24.3b | 0.01 |
| Ever Overdosed in Lifetime (Yes) | 46.3% | 41.3% | 43.8% | 54.7% | < 0.00 |
| Mean number of times overdosed | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 0.04 |
| Mean age of first overdose | 27.3 | 28.2 | 27.6 | 26.3 | 0.08 |
| Ever Witnessed Overdose in Lifetime (Yes) | 73.6% | 75.0% | 65.5% | 76.5% | 0.01 |
| Mean number of times witnessed an overdose | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.56 |
| Mean number times treated in Emergency Dept. in past 3 months | 0.5 | 0.3b | 0.6 | 0.7b | 0.01 |
| Past 3 month drug usea | |||||
| Heroin | 91.6% | 90.6% | 80.0% | 100.0% | < 0.00 |
| Prescription opioids | 61.3% | 51.4% | 20.0% | 100.0% | < 0.00 |
| Cannabis | 57.2% | 45.5% | 59.7% | 72.2% | < 0.00 |
| Prescription sedatives | 44.4% | 31.3% | 38.3% | 66.7% | < 0.00 |
| Prescription stimulants | 18.2% | 10.5% | 10.6% | 66.5% | < 0.00 |
| Cocaine | 40.8% | 27.7% | 36.6% | 61.5% | < 0.00 |
| Methamphetamine | 13.6% | 8.7% | 8.0% | 24.2% | < 0.00 |
a
Category ‘Other’ is not reported because of few counts.
b
Tukey HSD statistically significant between reference group (no concurrent alcohol & opioid use) versus comparison group.