Table 1.
Causes of Horner Syndrome in 318 Patients with Horner Syndrome
| Cause of Horner Syndrome | Pharmacologically- Confirmed (Percentage of Total) |
Pharmacologically- Unconfirmed (Percentage of Total) |
|---|---|---|
| Indeterminate Cause | 62 (39%) | 15 (9%) |
| Idiopathic | 51 | 0 |
| Uncertain | 11 | 15 |
| Post-Procedure | 34 (21%) | 57 (36%) |
| Surgical | 24 | 33 |
| Central Venous Line | 10 | 24 |
| Carotid Dissection | 14 (9%) | 17 (11%) |
| Spontaneous | 7 | 14 |
| Traumatic | 7 | 3 |
| Trauma | 13 (8%) | 12 (8%) |
| Carotid Canal Basal Skull Fracture | 3 | 0 |
| Brachial Plexus Contusio | 2 | 2 |
| Cavernous Sinus Gunshot Wound | 1 | 0 |
| Cervical Spine Contusion | 1 | 5 |
| Longus Colli Contusion | 1 | 0 |
| Unspecified Neck Trauma | 5 | 5 |
| Cluster Headache | 12 (8%) | 8 (5%) |
| Tumor | 11 (7%) | 28 (18%) |
| Head | 3 | 1 |
| Cervical | 6 | 8 |
| Mediastinal | 2 | 16 |
| Paraspinal | 0 | 3 |
| Stroke | 7 (4%) | 15 (9%) |
| Thalamic Stroke | 4 | 2 |
| Dorsolateral Medullary Infarct | 2 | 12 |
| Superior Cerebellar Artery Infarct | 1 | 1 |
| Infection/Inflammation | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Aspergillus Infection of Neck | 1 | 0 |
| Sarcoidosis of Neck | 1 | 0 |
| Carotid-Cavernous Fistula | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Congenital Horner Syndrome | 2 (1%) | 7 (4%) |