Fig. 2.

Schematic illustrating the directional-approach task, with an overview of one of the environments used in that task. (a) During the encoding phase, participants always approached the intersection with two distinct landmarks positioned at diagonally opposite corners from the street to the south, starting at the black car (c). During the test phase, they approached the same intersection from the street to the east, the west, or the north. Note that the car could not be seen when participants were asked to give their response. Critically, the approaches to the intersection from the east and west were misaligned with the encoding situation by 90°, whereas an approach from the north was misaligned with the encoding situation by 180° (b)